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TORREYA
A MonrTuiy JournAt or BoranicaL Notes anp News
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
VER SEALE AV ERY HOWE
‘Voltas WIT.
NEW YORK
PONS)
PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA.
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
@OEEIGERS FOR 1903
President, HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D.
Vice- Presidents,
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD 5. BURGESS, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, F. S. EARLE, A.M. JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University.
Associate Editors,
NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, PoH.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, PH.D.
TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D.
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL.
Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the College of Pharmacy and the New York Botanical Garden.
PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only 1-6, 13, and 19-27 can be supplied entire. Partial numbers only of vols. 7-18 are available, but the completion of sets will be undertaken.
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All business correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed
to Francis E. Lloyd, Treasurer, Columbia University, New York City.
PRIME NKONLIONNOS,, 3
Page 53, 260th line, for Silver Beach, read Sylvan Beach. Page 116, 15th line, for at, read near.
Page 116, 15th line, for 17, read 16.
Page 123, 3d line, for Chowan, read Nottoway.
Page 123, 4th and 14th lines, for Mehenin, read Meherrin.
Page 145, in footnote relating to date of issue of September TorreyA, for September 6, read September 26.
Page 174, Ist line, for topography, read typography.
DATES OF PUBLICATION
No. 1, for January. Pages 1-16, Issued January 26, 1903. No! 925). Hebruany: 17-32. February 19, 1903. Worms. March. 33-48. March 20, 1903. No. 4, April. 49-66. April 18, 1903. Nor 5,00 May. 67-82. May 12, 1903. No. 6, June. 83-96. June 12, 1903. NOR Ly 97-112. July 25, 1903. No. 8, August. 113-128. August 22, 1903. No. 9, September. 129-144. September 26, 1903. No. 10, —_ October. 145-160. October 30, 1903. No. 11, | November. 161-176, November 19, 1903.
No: 12; December. 177 201. December 22, 1963.
Vol. 3 January, 1903 No. 1
TORREYA
MonTHiy JourNAL oF Botanical Nores anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL. CLUB
BY
MARSHALL: AVERY HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1790-1873
CONTENTS Notes on some southern Illinois Plants: H. A. GLEASON......... 02.0.0... SS he a I iawise Brisbin Dunn i ADA WATDERSON Gs 2c. obs ach eng Gantt nns ee te see couneabee & Vacation Observations—III ; FRANCIS Ev LLOYD. ceccccccesscecesescevesseveceees See 5 Shorter Notes : 5 Leaves of the Skunk Cabbage: A. J. GROUT....... aan fae oN he baal eet 6 A new Family of the Basidiomycetes: WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL.......... 7 A new Oak; ing 1) CASS COCK BRIE Bac Oiae casa vs okies toes costae dese pat che eaat sree 7 Insect Visitors of Scrophularia leporella: EDWARD W. BERRY................2..- $8
Reviews:
A recent Monograph of Campanula rotundifolia and its Allies: P. A.
TOMDBER Ge EY Ue tireec dea uns ers tree eae Ns BY SRE Ea Wine Fates HN SAy Seno ha spel 9 Proceedings: Of the Clube ios ee aaron amare seta ops Noga tae ny eels cease Souths Uvueoineva ects 12 Dew S ery SSS Grae ht a 70 0 el ae aN Ss REA Shs CON OMEN Ou wild OT puke Weis cee ee 14
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB Ar Norru QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. BY THe New ERA Printinc Company
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1903: President, HON. ADDISON. BROWN, LL.D.
Vice- Presidents,’ Pus HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. -~
Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, F.S. EARLE, A.M. — JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
g Editor, ; Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D: FRANCIS E. LLOYD; A.M.
Tarrytown, N. Y. ‘ ~- Columbia University.
Associate Editors,
NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.
TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Ph.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILE, Ph.D
MARSHALL -A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL. :
ToRREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices, Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to »
MARSHALL A. HOWE
New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City
\V fo) ae Si No. 1
MORKRKEY A
January, 1903
NOmLSeON SOME, SOULHERN TLVINOIS PEANTS By H. A. GLEASON
During several collecting trips to southern Illinois the writer has been able to make field notes on a number of rare or interest- ing species. The flora of the extreme southern part of the state is essentially different from that of the central and northern por- tions, in that the austro-riparian flora finds there its northern limit, and the unglaciated hills and vertical cliffs afford edaphic condi- tions unlike anything else in Illinois. Consequently, some three hundred species of the Illinois flora are confined to that region. |
The only station in Illinois for Pizas echinata Mill. is a small area in Union County locally known as the Pine Hills. The soil there is thin and rocky, and underlaid by Silurian limestone. Erosion has cut deep ravines with steep rocky sides and sharp narrow crests. These hills reach a height of four hundred feet above the adjoining bottoms of the Mississippi River, or about seven hundred and fifty feet above sea level. Along the narrow crests of these hills the pines are growing, in company with hickory and scrub oak. Some of the largest specimens are three feet in diameter and eighty feet high. Along the sides of the hill their growth is stunted, and none is found more than a hundred feet from the crest. Cones are produced abundantly, and healthy seedlings are common.
Along the steep rocky hillside below the pines is the only sta- tion in Illinois for the pink azalea, Azalea nudiflora L. The shrubs are usually from three to six feet high, and are fairly abundant.
Manuals give but two stations for Phlox Stellaria Gray—the cliffs of the Kentucky River and southern Illinois. The latter
[The exact date of publication of each issue of TORREYA is given in the succeed- ingnumber. Vol. 2, No. 12, comprising pages 177-200, was issued January 8, 1903. ]
ig
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might be further limited to Grand Tower, Jackson County, where it was first observed by Professor French many years ago. In May, 1902, I found it blooming there abundantly. A limestone ridge called the Devil’s Backbone extends for about a mile along the east bank of the Mississippi. Its eastern slope is forested, but its western, receiving the full effect, both of the afternoon sun and of its reflection in the water, presents a succession of vertical sun- burned cliffs, and in their crevices grow the plants of Phlox Stel- laria. Hemispherical tufts a foot in diameter, of dull green leaves and light blue flowers, grow over the face of the cliff wherever there is a fissure an eighth of an inch across. Longer fissures are marked with rows of the plants and a geologist might observe the dip of the strata by noticing the growth of the Phlox. It shows several xerophytic structures, short stiff stems, and narrow coriaceous leaves with inrolled margins. No plant, however, except a pronounced xerophyte, could live on these bare cliffs. Even in May the rocks are so hot that they are uncomfortable to the touch in the afternoon, and in July the heat is still greater. By that time the seeds of the P/oxr have ripened and all that re- mains of the plant are the wiry stems and brown leaves.
Growing with the Ph/ox are some other xerophytes such as Polypodium polypodioides, Chetlanthes Feet, Opuntia humifusa, Pellaca atropurpurea, and Solidago Drummondu. The last two grow especially in pockets in the rock, and a cavity holding no more than a tablespoonful of soil will support a large plant of Solidago or a dozen fronds of Pellaea. This species of Solidago grows in Illinois only along the bluffs of the Mississippi River, and so far as observed, only on limestone cliffs.
Polypodium polypodioides in southern Illinois is generally xero- phytic in nature, and prefers sandstone cliffs. It may grow, how- ever, on damp shaded cliffs in company with Camptosorus rhizo- phyllus and Asplenium platyneuron, J have never seen it upon trees in this State.
HHeuchera parviflora Bartl. reaches in Illinois its northern limit. Its favorite habitat is under a damp sandstone cliff, so shaded that the sun’s rays seldom or never strike it. Here it grows in abundance with Marchantia and other Hepaticae, or an occasional
3)
plant of Camptosorus. In the large fissures or caves in the rocks plants of the Heuchera are found growing farther from the light than any of the other shade-loving forms.
Sedum telephioides Michx., a plant of the southern Appalachian region was found in August, 1902, in Pope County, where it grows in the thin soil at the tops or on ledges of sandstone cliffs. While this was its first collection in the state, it is also interesting as an example of plant distribution. The migration route by which it has reached Illinois is evidently across the hill region of southern Ohio, the Knobs of Indiana, and the Ozark Hills of Illi- nois. This affords a continuous route along which the plant might find conditions resembling those of the mountains from which it came.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
LOUISE BRISBIN DUNN
By ApA WATTERSON
In the sudden death of Miss Louise Brisbin Dunn, tutor in botany in Barnard College, which occurred on December 18, the department with which she has been so long identified has suffered a serious loss.
Miss Dunn’s connection with Barnard began in 1893 when she entered as a special student in the department of botany which was then under the direction of the late Professor Emily L. Gregory. Becoming interested in the regular college work, Miss Dunn made up that winter the amount of Greek required for en- trance and matriculated as a regular student in the fall. She was graduated in the spring of ’97 with the highest standing at- tained by any student in the college up to that time. She was of course among those who were elected to Phi Beta Kappa when a chapter of that organization was established in the college three years later. After her graduation Miss Dunn was appointed assistant in botany in Barnard College, and during that year and the next carried on work in botany, zoology and chemistry leading to the Master’s degree, which she received in June, 1899. At that time she was also advanced to the rank of tutor, which position she held at the time of her death. In the summers of
4
1899 and 1900 Miss Dunn worked in the Biological Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor, serving there also this past summer as assistant in ecology. The intervening summer she spent in France, working part of the time in the Marine Laboratory at Ros- coff, Brittany, through the courtesy of M. Robert, the director.
In the department with which she was connected Miss Dunn’s strong, bright personality and her tireless enthusiasm were no small inspiration to her colleagues. It was her constant en- deavor to promote in every way the best welfare of the depart- ment and her suggestions were always of value. She was intensely interested in her work, and she also possessed in un- usual measure the ability to share this interest with her students, and to impart to them her own enthusiasm. Not only in her own especial field, however, was her influence felt, but also in the college at large, where among the students she was always ready with her kindly sympathy to help them, so far as it lay within her power, out of any of their difficulties. Her prompt and keen perception of all the bearings of a question under dis- cussion, her logical clearness of statement and the inimitable wit which vivified everything she said made her a valued friend and leader. Possessing marked literary ability herself, she delighted in a wide range of interests, and her criticism of a book or a pic- ture was always worth remembering.
No results of Miss Dunn’s scientific work have been published. A study of the development of the embryo in De/phinium formed the subject of her thesis presented for the Master’s degree. Dur- ing the past year she made numerous notes on experiments con- cerning the influence of external factors on the growth of the moss sporophyte, work which she had hoped to finish in the coming spring. Her work must be regarded more in the light of promise for the future, a promise so bright and so well-founded that it gives to all who knew her additional cause for sadness in her sudden death.
Miss Dunn was in the middle of her term of office as vice- president of the Associate Alumnae of Barnard College. She was also a Fellow of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, and a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the Barnard Botanical Club.
VACATION OBSERVATIONS.—III By Francis E. Lioyp
Behavior of the Spores in Polytrichum. — A remarkably pretty demonstration of the behavior of the spores during their dis- semination may be had in Polytrichum if one examines the dry sporogonium after the operculum has been removed. The ob- server must hold the seta between the thumb and finger of one hand with the diaphragm of the capsule opposite the eye, the capsule being so placed that the light shines through the dia- phragm and at the same time so tilted that the dry spore mass falls against it. The seta must now be gently tapped so as to make the capsule vibrate, when the spores will escape between the shrunken teeth of the peristome and be scattered. The point of special interest here is the manner in which the spore-mass rolls around in the capsule and falls, in this way and that, against the diaphragm. The spores appear, in their movements, as of considerable weight, an iliusion caused by the extreme ease with which they roll over one another. This, of course, is due to their very great dryness, and, possibly, to surface characters.
The Color of the Spores in Polytrichum.— The writer does not recall that it has been heretofore pointed out that the ripe spores of Polytrichum commune and those of P. Ofzoense differ very mark- edly from each other in color when seen ex masse. Indeed, the amount of difference is so great that the beginner would be able to distinguish the species very readily. In P. commune the color is yellow-green ; in P. Ohioense, brown-yellow. Corresponding dif- ferences in the structure of the spores are seen on microscopic examination. Those of the former are smaller, and more densely filled with protoplasm, and the coloring more readily seen than in those of the latter species ; the vacuole is very much larger, also, in the spore of P. Ohzioense.
Destruction of Mosses by Fungi.tcApparently but very little at- tention has been directed to the relations of mosses and fungi. Whether any specific diseases in mosses are caused by fungi is an open question. Nevertheless, under certain conditions, such as prevailed during July of last year, in northern Massachusetts,
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large patches of Polytrichum commune were killed by a fungus, probably a Mucor-like organism, which grew like a white mat, smothering the moss turf, and causing the plants to die rapidly and turn brown. Just what the action of the fungus is, remains to be elucidated by investigation, but it seems probable that it kills the moss chiefly by cutting it off from the air.
Similarly a clump of Dicranum scoparium and a few neighbor- ing plants of Polytrichum Olioense were observed near Hyannis, Mass., to be attacked by a myxomycete. Some of these low forms creep up upon living plants before sporulation takes place. In this instance death of the capsules was induced with some amount of distortion. The materials promise interest on further study, it being of importance to determine whether in this matter the myxomycete is purely or rather superficially epiphytic, or whether it in some way attacks the deeper-lying tissues. The latter, judging from our present knowledge, is improbable.
Hypomyces. — \t is worth mention that the well-known fungus Hypomyces Lactifluorum, parastic on Lactarius, is able to propel its spores to a distance of 114 inches or more. This was deter- mined in the usual fashion of obtaining a spore print. The amount of spore dust obtained in this way is quite surprising.
Having used the dried commercial material of the truffle for anatomical work, I was led to cut into small strips an affected plant of Lactarius. The pieces were dried, and then used dry for sectioning by free hand. . Lycoperdon was treated similarly, with the result that when the curled dry sections are mounted for micro- scopic examination they are quite satisfactory for ordinary work.
In this way, therefore, the collector may preserve material for anatomical use quite successfully with little trouble.
SHORTER INOLES
LEAVES OF THE SKUNK CABBAGE. — Last July I was much impressed by the size of some leaves of the skunk cabbage grow- ing on Long Island near the College Point water-works. The largest leaf measured 26% inches long by 19% broad. Is there record of any larger ? A. J. Grow:
360 LENox ROAD, 3ROOKLYN, N. Y.
T
A NeW FAmILy OF THE BasiDIOMyCETES.— Xylophagaceae. This family is based on Xylophagus Link, Berl. Mag. 3: 38. 1809 (Merulius Hall.) and allied genera formerly included in the Polyporaceae. Its distinguishing character is a gelatinous and at the same time porous hymenium. Its genera may be grouped under three subfamilies: The Favolaschieae, including plants wholly gelatinous both in context and hymenium, the Xylo- phageae, in which the context varies from semi-gelatinous to firm or fibrous and the Gloeoporeae, with firm fibrous context and a hymenium of deep cohering tubes instead of shallow reticu- lations. This last group approaches the Polyporaceae, but differs by reason of its separable gelatinous hymenium. The types of the three subfamilies mentioned above are Favolaschia Pat., Aylophagus Link and Gloeoporus Mont.
WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL. New York CIry.
A NEw Oax.—Quercus Rydbergiana. A small shrub about 1 m. high: bark of young branches grayish-brown, puberu- lent, that of the older branches and trunks gray; bud-scales bright ferruginous, slightly puberulent: petioles 3-5 mm. long, densely puberulent; leaf-blades rather long and narrow, but small, the larger about 36 mm. long and 15 mm. broad, most smaller, not over 25 mm. long, firm, lobed about half-way to midrib, lobes obliquely triangular, with rounded margins and a mucronate tip, upper surface pale bluish-green, with rather abundant pale yellow stellate pubescence, lower surface pale yellowish-green, with abundant yellowish stellate pubescence ; strongly veined but hardly reticulate; fruits solitary; cup hemispheric, covering about one third of the acorn, 8 mm. broad; scales with produced blunt reddish tips, the lower scales corky-thickened on the back ; acorn barrel-shaped, rather obtuse but not apically depressed, about 10 mm. long, light brown.
Hab, — Common at Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico, alt. prox. 7000 feet. It is allied to Quercus Fendleri, but is easily distinguished by the smaller leaves with less pointed lobes. Las Vegas Hot Springs is a good locality for oaks ; I collected there also Q. Novo-Mexicana (A. DC.) Ryd., Q. nitescens Ryd., Q. Gambela Nutt., QO. Fendlert Liebm., Q. Emoryi Torr., and Q.
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grisea Liebm, <At Beulah, in the Canadian zone (prox. 8000 feet), the oaks were QO. Gambelu Nutt., and Q. Utahensis (A. DC.) Ryd. The new oak is named after Dr. Rydberg, who has made it possible to study the Rocky Mountain oaks with some satisfaction. The type of Quercus Rydbergu is in the N. Y.
Botanical Garden herbarium. T. Di A. CockEREME
East LAS VEGAS, NEw MExico.
INsECT VISITORS OF SCROPHULARIA LEPORELLA BICKNELL. — Some years ago when this common and widespread species was considered, along with Scrophularia Marylandica, as merely a variety of the Eurasian Scrophularia nodosa of Linnaeus, I had several patches under observation with especial reference to their cross-fertilization by insects.
Our plants, as is well known, are proterogynous, and Lub- bock * states that Scrophularia nodosa is fertilized by wasps, the honey being distasteful to bees, thus accounting for the stigma becoming functional first, as wasps usually work downward on a flower-cluster. This was distinctly not the case with our species, for of the few insects identified} five (2. ¢., Bombus consimilis Cress., Apis mellifica L., Halctus ligatus Say, Andrena sp., and Augochlora humeralis Patton) were bees and only three (2. ¢., Vespa maculata L., Vespa vulgaris L., and Polistes pallipes St. Farg.) were wasps, and of these the Lombus was the most abundant. While the genera Halctus, Andrena, and Augochlora contain short-tongued bees they seemed to have no trouble in working the Scrophularia blossoms. Several other unindentified species were also observed visiting these flowers. I am not familiar with the current view as to whether wasps work downward on flower- clusters, but the above species most certainly did not in my ex- perience.
It is interesting to note the admirable manner in which the economy of the flower is arranged for insect fertilization, the corolla forming a veritable saddle for the insect. The style in the young flower curves upward and leaves but a narrow space
* Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves, p. 16. + Identifications by Professor John B. Smith.
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between the stigma and the barren stamen, through which open- ing the insect is obliged to obtain the honey. The glandular hairs of the pedicels are absent some distance below the blossom thus offering no interference to the alighting insect. When the stamens uncoil and the pollen ripens the style becomes reflexed and the somewhat rigid stamens are forced against the insect visitor, the weight of the latter, who is always obliged to work from below, causing the blossom to sag greatly.
EpwarpD W. Berry. Passaic, N. J., December 2, 1902.
REVIEWS
A recent Monograph of Campanula rotundifolia and its Allies
A monograph of Campanula rotundifolia and its allies has recently been issued from the University of Vienna by J. Wita- sek. It appears under the title ‘Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Campanula.”* It treats only of the species belonging to the C. rotundifolia group. This group is divided into 3 series, 15 superspecies and 32 subspecies. C. rotundifolia in a broad sense, z.¢., taken as a superspecies, contains 11 subspecies. Of these C. rotundifolia in limited sense is distributed over almost the whole of Europe and northern Asia and also credited to the southwestern United States and Mexico. The other European species are local or of very limited range, one from France and Switzerland, one from Switzerland and six from Austria, the Turkish peninsula and Italy. North America is credited with six species: C. rotundifolia L., C. intercedens Witasek, C. petiolata DC., C. dubia. DC., C. Giesekiana Vest, C. heterodoxa Vest.
Campanula intercedens Witasek is our so-called C. rotundifolia of the eastern states. Witasek points out the following char- acters to distinguish it from C. rotundifolia of Europe: The tall habit, the long one-flowered almost erect branches of the inflores- cence, the lighter color of the plant, thinner leaves and especially the hairiness of the stem. In C. rotundifolia, if hairy at all, the hairs are scattered ail around the lower portion of the stem, while in the American plant they are confined to definite decur-
* Abh. K. K. Zodl.-Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 13: 1-106. 1902.
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rent lines. The author could have added another striking differ- ence in the basal leaves, but these were probably unknown, as they are most commonly lacking in herbarium specimens. In C. rotundifolia the basal leaves are small, thick, crenate-dentate and with shallow basal sinuses. In C. zutercedens they are usually large, thin, with large sharp teeth and deep rounded basal sinuses. C. zztercedens inhabits usually rocky places, while the European C. rotundifolia is a meadow plant. While the former is the common plant of the eastern states and Witasek does not cite a single specimen of C. rotundifolia from that region, there are some specimens indicating the existence of the latter in the East, probably as an introduced plant. In the Columbia Univer- sity herbarium there is one from Canaan, Conn., collected by W. H. Leggett, which I must refer to C. rotundifolia, and another from Milford, Pa., by Dr. Britton, which, also, probably belongs with it.
Campanula petiolata DC. is the common plant of the Rocky Mountain region. It is nearer the European C. rotundifolia than the preceding, and if hairy on the stem at all, the hairiness is not confined to lines, but extends all around. It is a stricter plant than C. rotundifolia, with thicker leaves, of which the uppermost are almost erect and the lower blunt, of a lighter hue and with more unequal calyx lobes. The basal leaves are more inclined to be ovate, rather than round-cordate.
The range of Campanula rotundifolia in America, Witasek limits to Mexico and New Mexico, with the addition of one locality in Colorado and one in Idaho. It is strange if C. rotundifolia, a native of the wet meadows of northern Europe and Asia and the mountains of South Europe, should here be limited to the Tex- ano-Mexican region. The few New Mexican and Mexican speci- mens that I have at hand, I admit, resemble much the European plant in general habit and hairiness, but it is taller, more slender and strict. In all, the basal leaves are lacking. Maybe they would furnish good characters to distingush the Texano-Mexican plant. In the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden there is a duplicate of the number cited from Idaho, viz., Sand- berg, MacDougal & Heller, 337. This is nothing but C. petio-
iat
tata. Our specimens are not even hairy, which the Berlin her- barium specimen, which Witasek saw, evidently is. C. petiolata is generally perfectly glabrous. In the Rockies, especially in Colorado, are found forms densely pubescent on the lower part of the stem and less so on the leaves. Otherwise I have found no character to separate this form from the typical C. petiolata. Maybe the author of the monograph has confused under the so- called American C. rotundifolia the hairy form of C. petolata -and an undescribed species from Mexico and New Mexico.
Campanula dubia DC. is the same as C. Scheuchzerit and C. rotundifolia var. arctica of Gray’s Synoptical Flora, at least in part. It is more closely related to C. rotundifolia than to C. entercedens. It is usually one-flowered with erect flower buds, with thin broad linear to oblanceolate stem-leaves, and round or rarely reniform basal leaves, large flowers andlongsepals. It grows from New- foundland to the White Mountains of New Hampshire.
Campanula Giesekiana Vest has gone under the name of C. Scheuchzeri, C. rotundifolia var. linifolia and var. arctica, and has not been separated from the preceding, but is distinguished from that species as well as from the others of the C. rotundifola group by the short and broad hypanthium, which in flower is much broader than high. It is usually a low plant, densely leafy ‘below and naked above, usually one-flowered. The lower stem- _ leaves are often spatulate and obtuse. C. Gvesekiana is an arctic plant growing in Europe and Asia, as well as in America, where it has been collected in Greenland, Labrador and on the islands -of the Baffin’s Bay region.
Campanula heterodoxa Vest is, according to Witasek, the same as C. rotundifolia Alaskana of Gray’s Synoptical Flora, and is a native of Alaska and Eastern Asia. It is a tall plant with large flowers and resembling a luxuriant C. rotundifolia, but is char- acterized by its long spreading or reflexed calyx-lobes. To me ‘it seems to consists of two forms, one with broad oblanceolate lower stem-leaves, the other with all stem-leaves narrowly linear -and flaccid.
A few words may be said about the monograph in general. ‘The paper, type and printing are excellent. A full synonymy
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is given under each species and the references are given in an unusually clear way. The diagnosis of each species in Latin is long enough to give a good description and short enough so as not to be cumbersome. The general notes in German are full of valuable information, and presented in a concise and clear way. Even the American species are treated in a way very unlike the unsatisfactory one in which Europeans usually monograph Ameri- can plants. If this monograph is compared with that of Oeno- thera by Leveillé, its superiority in quality is quite evident. After I had glanced over the 106 pages of the text and studied what was of most interest to me, especially all that related to American botany, I turned to the preface and here awaited me the greatest surprise. The author isa woman. On the title page the author’s name is given as J. Witasek without any title what+ ever, and in the text the personal element is as it ought to be so eliminated that there is no indication of the gentler sex. Only the first line of the preface contains the word ‘“‘ Verfasserin,”’ fol- lowed by a few ‘‘sie”’ and “ihre.” Not that I believe a woman incapable of a good piece of work, far from it; but in Europe there are but few women that receive a university education and besides their education is generally very unlike that of men. Therefore, the monograph indeed is a credit to both the author and her sex, as well as to the university where the work was done. P, A. RYDBERG.
PROCEEDINGS, OF THE GE Turspay, NOVEMBER II, 1902
The meeting was held at the College of Pharmacy ; thirteen persons present; Dr. Rusby in the chair.
The scientific program of the evening consisted of a paper by Dr. L. M. Underwood on “The Gold and Silver Ferns.” Dr. Underwood said that characters based upon position and form of sori and indusia have perhaps been emphasized too much in classification ; in some species the indusium may be developed or may be wanting on the same plant. There is now a tendency to return to the recognition of the fibro-vascular system as an
13
element in classifying ferns. Mainly free-veined ferns occur in Devonian and Carboniferous remains. Anastomosing veins seem to have developed later; and even now, they form the predomi- nant feature in but two of the ferns of our northern states, Onoclea sensibilis and Woodwardia areolata. The pinnate and flabellate types of venation are very distinct, but are connected in appearance by a modification of the last type with successive alternations of its dichotomy forming a prolonged axis. The ferns known as gold and silver ferns were included in 1811 in the genus Gymnogramme. Some twenty genera have since been segregated from it, some of them on sufficient grounds. Many garden hybrids and horticultural varieties have been developed. With the exception of a species in Madagascar, the group is confined to the tropics of America, where the species known as the silver fern is perhaps the most common fern known. The goldenback fern of California is perhaps most familiar to ordinary knowledge ; its range is from Alaska to Lower California, but not eastward of the Sierras. In life it is of a bright golden-yellow beneath (often replaced by silvery powder), a brilliant green above ; in the dry season it coils up involutely, exposing only the under surface, which is covered by its peculiar golden waxy powder.
This and other ferns of the arid region prevent too great trans- piration of water by developing waxy or resinous powders, or by layers of wool or of scales. A Mexican species, Notholaena auraniiaca, was exhibited, which combines two _ protections, powder and scales. The silver fern of our arid Southwest finally becomes almost chalky beneath ; it becomes coiled almost into a ball in the dry season.
Discussion followed upon the true interpretation of the function of the waxy powder, Dr. C. C. Curtis deeming it to accomplish two purposes, that of plugging stomata and that of reflecting heat. Dr. Rusby recalled the suggestion made by Mr. Charles F, Cox some years ago, to the effect that plant hairs carry on metabolism and aid nutrition.
Dr. Rusby also described the appearance and habitats of several species which he had been familiar with in Bolivia and in our own Southwest; in the Kockies where Wotholaena and Cheilanthes
14
crow together from the same crevices of rock, they respond to rain with remarkable quickness. In the dry season when every- thing else is seemingly dead, if a rain should occur, their coiled fronds quickly become bright green, and well expanded, though perhaps curled'again into little balls within a few days. Epwarp S. BuRGEss, Secretary. WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1902
The meeting was held at 3:30 Pp. M., at the New York Botan- icalGarden ; Dir ae EE Rusby innenesehaite
Dr. MacDougal spoke on some examples of propagation by bulbils. Two kinds of bulbils were spoken of, namely, those which morphologically are stems, and those which morphologi- cally are roots. He exhibited specimens of oscorea villosa which bore in the axils of the leaves large bodies described as bulbils of the first sort, and Ranunculus Ficaria and Globba Schom- burgki which had similarly placed bodies, much smaller, however, and morphologically roots. In any case the bulbils reproduce the plant by germinating after falling to the ground. Drawings of Lysimachia terrestris were shown that represented the changes effected in the habit of the plant brought about by being grown in water.
)
A specimen of the so-called “‘ wood-rose”’ of Guatemala was also exhibited by Dr. MacDougal. This curious malformation is a hypertrophy of a branch of some Leguminous tree or shrub and is caused by an unknown species of Loranthus.
Dr. N. L. Britton made remarks on the plant conditions and the general plant formations of the island of St. Kitts, British West Indies.
The meeting then adjourned and the members of the Club under Dr. Britton’s guidance visited the greenhouses and ex- amined some of the plants that have recently been brought by
the Botanical Garden from St. Kitts. W. A. CANNON,
Secretary pro tem. NEWS ITEMS Professor J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, is spending a month at the New York Botanical Garden.
1
Sr
Mr. Percy Wilson, museum aid at the New York Botanical Garden, left New York on January 3 for Honduras, where he expects to devote several weeks to making collections.
Dr. Tracy Elliot Hazen has been appointed tutor in botany in Barnard College, succeeding Miss Louise B. Dunn, whose recent death is elsewhere noted in this number of TorreEya.
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, of Tarrytown, N. Y., has been elected editor-in-chief of the publications of the Torrey Botanical Club, succeeding Professor Underwood, who has resigned on account of prolonged absence from the country.
Mr. C. G. Pringle, keeper of the herbarium of the University of Vermont, who has recently returned from a successful season in Mexico, left on January 8 for Cienfuegos, Cuba, to spend sev- eral weeks in making botanical collections and in aiding some experiments in plant-breeding.
Professor L. M. Underwood, of Columbia University, has gone to the West Indies to engage in six months’ study of the tropical American ferns. He will be in Jamaica two separate periods of six weeks or more with about the same length of time in eastern Cuba, and at a later date a short period in Dominica. He ex- pects to be absent from the country until September.
The eighth annual winter meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club was held at Burlington, January 16 and 17. The annual address was by Mr. Clifton D. Howe, of the University of Chicago, on ‘Some Results of Deforestation in Vermont.” ‘ Vermont Violets,’ by President Ezra Brainerd, of Middlebury College ; “The Pollution of Water Supplies by Algae,” by Dr. G. T. Moore, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, and ‘‘ The Thelephorae of Vermont,” by Professor E. A. Burt, of Middle- bury College, were among the titles of the twenty-one other papers presented.
Mr. K. Yendo in an interesting paper on the ‘“‘ Uses of Marine Algae in Japan,” published in Vol. I. of Postelsza, the Year Book of the Minnesota Seaside Station, gives some surprising statistics relative to the export of certain dried kelps (species of Lamnaria) intended chiefly for the markets of China. In 1894, 35,851,245
15
pounds of ‘leaf Laminaria,” and 5,999,134 pounds of “cut
’
Laminaria,’ representing a value of over 600,000 yen were ex- ported. These Japanese Laminarias, mostly of two species, are used as food. The export of agar-agar during the same year
amounted to 1,298,422 pounds, valued at nearly 500,000 yen.
The Carnegie Institution has appropriated $8,000 for the fiscal year 1902—’03 to be used in the establishment and maintenance of a desert botanical laboratory. Dr. D. T. MacDougal, of the New York Botanical Garden, and Mr. Frederick V. Coville, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, constitute the advisory board in relation to the project, and will start ona tour of the Southwest on January 24 to select a site for the laboratory, and to outline other regions to which investiga- tions might profitably be extended. Dr. W. A. Cannon (A B. and A.M., Stanford University, 1899 and 1900; Ph.D., Colum- bia University, 1902) has been chosen as resident investigator.
The meetings in connection with the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington during Convocation Week brought together more botanists than have before been in attendance at any series of public meetings in America. About eighty papers on botanical subjects were presented in addition to half as many more. on applied phases of the subject. The three presidential addresses were as follows: Dr. J. C. Arthur before the Botanical Society of America on ‘‘ Problems in the Study of Plant Rusts’.; Dr. D. H. Campbell: before: SectionsG, onan Origin of Terrestrial Plants”; Professor V. M. Spalding before the Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology on ‘The Rise of Ecology.’ The Botanical Society of America announced the following grants: To Dr. J. C. Arthur to aid in the prosecution of investigations on the plant rusts, $90.00; to Dr. D. S. John- son to enable him to continue his work on the endosperm and seed of the Piperaceae and Chloranthaceae, $200.00; to Dr. Arthur Hollick to meet expenses of continuation of investigation of the fossil flora of the Atlantic coastal plain, $150.00.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 28, published in 1901, contained 706 pages of text and 49 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum... For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.
Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-28 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur- nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols: 19-27 (1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vol. 28, three dollars.
Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes.
(2) MEMOIRS The Mewmorrs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-11 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application.
(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.
Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY
Vol. 3 February, 1903 No. 2
TORREYA
MonTuH1y JourNAL oF Botanicat Notes anp News EDITED. FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS Notes on southern Ferns: L{ M. UNDERWOOD,..1.... 0... ..ccc cece cee ee cen ccc cee pcusceteerees 17 Trichomanes Petersii found anew: A. B. SEYMOUR. 00s cs: Sats atea Cy oo 19 A unique climbing Plant: ROLAND M. HARPER..2........c.ccccececececeeceencees seceeves 2) An undescribed Eleocharis from Pennsylvania: N. Ll. BRITTON ......-..........60.. 23 A Key to the North American Species of Stropharia: F. S. EARLE.................. 24 Reviews : Kraemer’s Course in Botany and Pharmacognosy: CARLTON C. CURTIS..... 25 ’ Proceedings of the Club: EDWARD S. BURGESS.............cccccerceneeeee cuseeecectet cases 27 Correspondence: The Connecticut Botanical Society: E. H. EAMES.......,....0.0 005-0... c cee ee cee es 31 News LECTINS Screg vets eon cting Sais we aes See hci rt ctaeors Satie oem aS MDy cau oetitan ae Sa Hogue aac acer eeys 32
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At NortH QUEEN Street, Lancaster, Pa. BY THe New Era PkintinG COMPANY
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLU”
OFFICERS FOR 1903
President, HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents,
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. Recording Secretary, : Corresponding Secretary, F. S.. EARLE, A.M. JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, “A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. : Columbia University.
Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D. -DANIEL T. MACDOUGALE, Ph-D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Ph.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Ph.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL.
TorreEyA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing - House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City
Vols 3 No. 2
TORREYA
February, 1903
NOTES ON SOUTHERN FERNS
By LuctmEn M. UNDERWOOD
OSMUNDA SPECTABILIS Willd.
A study of the royal fern of Europe with our own royal fern, both of which have been growing together for the past three or four years in the New York Botanical Garden, has led to the necessary conclusion that Willdenow’s treatment of nearly a century ago is a correct one and we have adopted his above name for our royal fern. The difference between the two plants is very striking from the time when the leaves are first unrolled in the spring. The European plant has dark green foliage which has a firm texture even when young and is sharply in contrast with the thin reddish flaccid leaves so characteristic of our own species, which acquires its firmness long after the leaf has un- rolled, though the texture is never the same as that of the European plant. The differences extend throughout the stipe of the two species, which presents marked characters not only in ex- ternal form but also in internal structure. Mr. George Nicholson, the curator of Kew Gardens, where the two plants have long been under cultivation and observation, has recently told me that he has long regarded the two species as distinct. In herbarium specimens, especially when only the tips of the leaves have been snipped off, these characters of the living plants are obscured. It is very essential to combine life studies of ferns with what has recently been facetiously called “the lie-flat botany,’ correct the false impressions arising from such a partial view.
’
in order to
[ Vol. 3, No. 1, of ToRREYA, comprising pages I-16, was issued January 26, 1903. | uel
18
TRICHOMANES Petersu A. Gray
In addition to the Georgia station noted in this issue of Tor- rEYA by Mr. Seymour, Professor S. M. Tracy has recently sent me specimens from Saratoga, Mississippi. It is more than likely that this smallest of our native ferns will be found to have as wide a range as 7. Boschianum, as it is very likely to be passed by as a liverwort. Saratoga is not on the ordinary map, but is in the southern portion of the State in quite a distinct region from the original locality.
Phymatodes exiguum (Hew.)
Polypodium serpens Sw. Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl. 131. 1788. Not Forst.
Polypodium exiguum Hew. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2: 458. 1838. Not Griseb. 1864.
Polypodium Swartsu Baker, Syn. Fil. 357. 1868.
Jenman has pointed out * that the above synonymy is the cor- rect one although he retains the genus Polypodium in its widest sense, following the Kew practice. He cites also the necessity of renaming P. exzguum Griseb. and this seemed to deter him from making the change which he surely recognized as inevitable. As we have used this name in Dr. Small’s forthcoming flora, it may be well to indicate the reasons here which the above syn-
onymy will make apparent.
HYPOLEPIS REPENS (L.) Presl
Professor C. S. Williamson, of Philadelphia, has sent me a single plant of this species collected, in ‘‘ rich damp woods, Oak- land, Fla!, August, 1895,” and says it bears no evidence of hav- ing been introduced. If this is really indigenous as it appears to be, it adds a new genus to the United States. Oakland is near the middle of the peninsula, south of Lake Apopka and in a region which has scarcely been visited by the botanist. It is hoped we may hear further of this interesting locality.
PTERIS LATIUSCULA Desv. Ann. Soc. Linn. de Paris, 6: 303. 1827. Pteris aquilina Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am..2: 262. 1803. Not L. Pteris caudata Schkuhr, Crypt. Gen. p/. 966. 1809. Not L. * Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, 4: 199. 1897.
19
Preris aquilina 8 Willd. Sp. Pl..5: 402. 1810.
Pteris aguilina var. psendocaudata Clute, Fern Bull. 8: 39. 1QOO.
This fern, species or variety, has troubled systematists for over ninety years, and we confess our inability to add anything to the information already published on the subject other than to call attention to its long synonymy. Mr. George Nicholson has recently expressed to the writer a belief that the so-called Preri- dium aquilinum of the northeastern States is a different species from P. aquilinum of Europe. Surely the species is a variable one in both countries as already seen in such field study as we have been able to give it on the other side of the Atlantic. The present plant has a range from Maryland to Texas, extending up the coast line of New Jersey to Long Island. We have assigned it no place in Dr. Small’s forthcoming flora because of present uncertainty regarding its specific or varietal limits.
—_
ANCHISTEA VIRGINICA (L.) Presl, and LORINSERIA AREOLATA (L.) Presl
These plants are neither congeneric with Woodwardia, of which we must now regard W. radicans the type, nor with each other. The former is probably nearest Llechnum and the latter is phylo- genetically very close to Oxoclea sensibilis, in fact much closer than to either of the plants with which it has long been generi- cally associated. The acute Pres] separated them as above over a half a century ago, and we have followed his lead in Dr. Small’s forthcoming Flora of the Southern States. Incidentally the Cali- fornian species is distinct from the Mediterranean one, and we
shall have to follow Mr. Maxon in giving it Breckenridge’s name. CoLuMBIA UNIVERSITY, 14 January, 1903.
TRICHOMANES PETERSIT FOUND ANEW*
By A. B, SEYMouR
Trichomanes Petersu is one of three plants recorded in Mohr’s Plant Life of Alabama as found only in that state, and I have found no further information except by my own observations.
* Read before the Botanical Club, A. A. A. S., at the Washington Meeting, January, 1903.
20
This fern was first discovered in 1853 in Winston County,” Alabama, by Hon. T. M. Peters and named for him by Dr. Gray. One mat of the plant in the Gray Herbarium sent by Mr. Peters covers a large part of an herbarium sheet. More recently it has been found in two other counties in Alabama. Professor L. M. Underwood has visited the original locality and published an account of it in the Botanical Gazette.
In 1go1 I spent several weeks, from July to September, collect- ing cryptogams in the vicinity of Tallulah Falls, Georgia. Several days after my arrival there, I found my way along the course of a small brook into a deep ravine. Toward the lower part of it, on a large boulder I noticed a coating of some moss-like or hepatic-like growth that in some way made me think of Z7zcho- manes Peters. 1 reached it as soon as I could and found that the green parts resembled the Z7ichomanes fronds. The mat was composed of minute rootstocks. In the approaching dusk I eagerly held up the little fronds against a patch of sky and with my lens made out the little sunken goblet denoting the “ fruit” at the apex of the frond.
The boulder upon which the fern was growing was well removed from the brook and so situated that even floods running down the steep hillside after heavy rain apparently could hardly reach the plants. The boulder was so large and abrupt that the only specimens practically accessible to me were those on a side away from the direction of floods; so that apparently the only water available to the plants was that of the moist atmos- phere and direct. falling rain. A few hundred feet away, in the brook, a pretty cascade soaked me well with its spray while I gathered delicate and luxuriant Hepaticae, but in that spray was no trace of Zrichomancs. Gathering a liberal proportion of the plants within reach, I hurried to escape darkness in the ravine and reached the inhabited level by an exhausting climb.
Some weeks later, I visited the spot again in company with Mr. W. L. Moss, of the University of Georgia. We first sought the boulder and then took time to explore the banks of the brook. We found an abundance of the fern, somewhat fresher, on rocks doubtless sometimes reached by the waters of the brook.
During ten weeks I examined a good portion of Tallulah ter- ritory on my hands and knees with a lens but nowhere else did I find a trace of this fern.
Other ferns of interest found are Cheilanthes tomentosa, As-
plenium resiliens and Aspleniuim montanum. CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS.
A UNIQUE CLIMBING PLANT By RoLtanp M. HARPER
In a letter written to Dr. Small from the field a few months ago, part of which was published in Torreya last October, I men- tioned finding Andromeda phillyreacfolia |Fierts phillyreaefolia (Hook.) DC.], an Ericaceous shrub, climbing the cypress trees (Taxodium imbricarium) in Okefinokee Swamp. As this case seems to be without a parallel, at least in the North American flora, some further description of it may be of interest.
I first collected Preris phillyreacfoha on the morning of August 7 (no. 1475), in a sphagnous bog not far from our first camp in the swamp. There it was a shrub two to four feet tall, as usually described, and there was nothing remarkable about its appearance or habitat. A little later in the day our guide pointed out to us a “vine” which he said climbed the cypresses by creeping under their bark. I lost no time in examining a specimen of this peculiar “vine” (no. 1479), and found it to be the same /%eris which I had just collected. Its flowering branches projecting from the tree at various distances from the eround gave it the appearance of a parasite, but by pulling some of it away from the tree I discovered its flattened stems concealed between the inner and outer layers of the fibrous bark of the cypress. No connection between the shrub and the living por- tion of the tree by rootlets or otherwise was observed, and it is not likely that the Pzer7s derives any advantage except mechanical sup- port from this arrangement. I did not take time to trace the creep- ing stem down to the ground, nor did I observe where it first penetrated the bark of the tree. The concealed part of the stem
22
is covered with a soft pale reddish bark, and bears small scat- tered appressed scales along its two edges. These stems often ascend to a height of thirty or forty feet, and as the leafy branches are usually several feet apart and project only a foot or two they are not conspicuous.
No record of this peculiar climbing habit of Preris phillyreae- folia seems to have yet found its way into botanical literature, but it has not entirely escaped the attention of botanists, for there is in the Torrey Herbarium a specimen collected in Florida by Dr. Chapman in 1840, accompanied by the following note: “This plant in its habit is quite singular. I find it growing on live cypress trees in a pond near this place [Apalachicola ?] twenty feet from the ground! as if it was a parasite. I have not made an examination but I suspect that the stems creep under the bark from the ground.” For some reason Dr. Chapman failed to mention this interesting observation in his Flora, which was published twenty years later.
A few weeks after leaving Okefinokee Swamp I found the same Pieris climbing the same species of Zaxodium at several points in Lowndes and Brooks Counties, over fifty miles west of the swamp, and collected some more specimens of it (no. 1602) in an extensive swamp between Clyattville and Valdosta, in the former county, on September 2. Before this time it had never been reported from Georgia, but only from West Florida, and a single station in Mobile County, Alabama, where Dr. Mohr found it as a ‘shrub 5 to 8 inches high.”
This association of Preris phillyreacfolia with Taxodium unbri- cavium and no other tree is rather remarkable, as most of our climbers, epiphytes and even many parasites seem to have no particular preference in the matter of hosts. But in this case there is no other tree having a similar habitat which has a bark composed of such long parallel and easily separable fibers.
Pieris phillyreacfolia is described as having a stem alternately leafy and bracted. This character may be an inheritance from a time when its climbing habit was more universal than now, and the bracted portion of the erect stems probably corresponds to the subcortical portion of the climbing stems.
COLLEGE PoIntT, N. Y.
23
AN UNDESCRIBED ELEOCHARIS FROM PENNSYLVANIA
By N. L. BRITTON
Eleocharis Smallii
Culms rather stout, about 6 dm. high and 2-3 mm. thick: summit of the basal sheath oblique: spikelet cylindric, acute, about 1.5 cm. long, as thick as the culm: scales narrowly lan- ceolate-oblong, acuminate ; achene dark brown, obovate, turgid- lenticular, somewhat shining, 1.5 mm. long, rounded at the top ; tubercle bulb-like, constricted at the base, one fourth as long as
Fic. 1. Eleocharis palustris. Fic. 2. Eleocharis Smallz.
the achene and about one half as wide, rather abruptly tipped : bristles very slender, retrorsely barbed, equalling the achene and tubercle or a little longer.
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, J. K. Small, September, 1893 (type); McCall’s Ferry, York County, Pennsylvania, J. K. Small, September 26, 1891.
The accompanying figures show the relationship of the species to Eleocharis palustris; the drawings of &. palustris are from a specimen collected by Meisner at Schopfheim, Bavaria; those of £. Smallii are from the type specimen in the Herbarium of Columbia University.
24
Both of the stations cited are along the shores of the Susque-
hanna River, the plant growing in the water.
A
10.
KEY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN SEE Clips gO STROPHARIA
By F. S. EARLE
. Stipe comparatively short and thick (Psa/lofa-like); on the ground. Pp Stipe elongated, slender (Panaeolus-like) ; on manure. 8. . Pileus whitish or yellowish-white. Be Pileus yellow, orange or yellowish-brown. 5. Pileus green or greenish. Wo . Pileus white, center brownish; lamellae bluish-brown, S. caestfolia Pk. Pileus white or yellowish-white ; lamellae dark-brown. 4. . Lamellae adnate ; stipe short (2.5 cm.). S. bilamellata Pk. Lamellae slightly adnexed ; stipe 5-10 cm. S. Johnsoniana (Pk.) Pk. . Pileus glabrous, large (8-15 cm.), brownish-yellow. S. defilata ( Pers.) Sacc. Pileus squamulose, smaller (3-7 cm. ). 6. . Pileus ochraceous ; lamellae crowded. S. sguamosa (Fr.) Quél. Pileus orange; lamellae subdistant. S. sguamosa aurantiaca (Cke.) Pk. . Pileus verdigris-green, large (8-11 cm.); stipe bluish.
S. aeruginosa (Curt.) Gillet Pileus greenish to whitish, small (2-3 cm.); stipe whitish. S. albo-cyanea (Desm.) Gillet
. Stipe glabrous. 9. Stipe floccose or fibrillose. 10. . Stipe glutinous; pileus obtuse. S. semiglobata ( Batsch) Gillet Stipe dry ; pileus umbonate. S. umbonatescens ( Pk.) Sacc.
Stipe subviscid ; spores large (18-20 w 10-13). _‘S. stercoraria (Fr.) Gillet Stipe dry ; spores smaller (12-15 w < 7-9 2). S. stccipes Karst.
The following species that have been referred to Stropharia
are omitted:
Stropharia wregularis Pk. Bull. Torrey Club, 27: 16. 1900.
This as I am informed by Professor Peck is probably only a
form of //ypholoma incertum Pk. in which the veil is somewhat
strongly developed. The distinction between Hypholoma and
Stropharia is at best an artificial one since in each there is a fully
developed cortina when young.
Agaricus (Stropharia) Howeanus Pk. Reg. Rep. 26: 59.
Fhe
25
1874. The ferruginous lamellae and light brown spores indicate that this should be placed in Pholiota rather than in Stropharia. The species was originally referred to Stropharia with much
doubt, as is shown by the note accompanying the description. New YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN.
REVIEWS
A Course in Botany and Pharmacognosy.*
This book is intended in part to supplement a lecture course in pharmacy though primarily it is designed as a laboratory guide and manual. A work of this character is of unusual interest and concern, coming at a time when there is too often a tendency, in order to forward commercial interests, to substitute inferior and cheaper drugs for those of higher grade or through harmless adulterations to render them uncertain in action and so jeopardize life. It can hardly be questioned that the training of the pharmacist to-day often fails to fit him to discriminate in many cases as to the purity and excellence of the drugs which he is using, and there is frequently to be noted a tendency on the part of the student to be impatient of training along this line of work, holding that a superficial knowledge of the properties and characters of drugs is quite sufficient so long as it enables him to meet the requirements of the law. The widespread adulteration of drugs in this city recently discovered by the Health Board is a case in hand. This conscienceless bartering of human safety for money, however, is perhaps less worthy of attention than the fact that the druggists were ignorant of the character of their stock.
Professor Kraemer has divided his subject into two sections, an introductory part of 100 pages and the main portion dealing with pharmacognosy. The introduction gives a succinct account of the inner and outer morphology of the plant body and com- prises a review of the cell forms and contents together with the
* Henry Kraemer, A Course in Botany and Pharmacognosy. $vo. Pp. 1-384. f. 1-128. New York, G. E. Stechert, 1902. $3.50.
26
morphology and function of the root, stem, leaf and flower This portion of the work is supplemented with 128 figures which unfortunately have been placed at the end of the book. For the most part the illustrations are excellent and would have added materially to the value of the book if incorporated in the text. Some of the cuts, particularly those on the root, are among the best that we remember to have seen, and it should be mentioned that in many instances the figures illustrate the char- acter of the drugs as well as morphological characters.
This first portion of the book will naturally receive the most attention and criticism from botanists. It is inevitable, in so brief a consideration of this broad subject, that statements will be made which require qualifications that must be left for the lecture room. This, in part, also accounts for the rather me- chanical treatment of the subject though it would appear that more attention might have been given to the significance of morphological characters. However, the view point of the author must be respected in this consideration and only so much of botanical science is presented as his experience has shown to be necessary to fit the student for an intelligent and scientific understanding of drugs.
Part II., Pharmacognosy, comprises the larger and more important portion of the work and to this attention and criticism should largely be directed. An introductory chapter on collect- ing, preservation, admixtures, valuations, etc., of drugs is espec- ially timely since gross carelessness and ignorance in these mat- ters is too often seen among druggsists. The remaining chapters deal with Crude Vegetable Drugs, Powdered Vegetable Drugs, and Reagents. Under the first head are discussed the seeds, un- derground organs, stems, flowers, fruits, leaves and exudations which are of medicinal value. The powdered drugs are classi- fied according to color and under Reagents practical methods of » testing and studying are given.
The treatment accorded this portion of the work is worthy of high commendation. Each subject, as seeds, leaves, powders, etc., is systematically arranged and keys are provided for classi- fication and identification. Following this scheme of classifica-
27
tion there are brought together under each drug the data relating to its constituents, adulterations, botanical and commercial origin, etc. The key for the identification of powdered drugs is of especial importance and will prove of great value to pharmacists. While essentially the scheme originally published in the Proceed- ings of the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1898, and for which the Ebert and Maisch prize was awarded to Professor Kraemer, it will be noted that it has been substantially recast and elaborated and appears for the first time accompanied by a key and index. :
This systematic description of drugs after the manner of the botanical systematist, appearing for the first time in a work of this kind is the most important and valuable feature of the book, and will prove to have great advantage over the plan of treat-
ment given in pharmacopoeias. CARLTON C. CuRTIS.
RPROCEMDINGS OF Ets CEUB
TuESDAY, DECEMBER 9, 1902
This meeting was held at the College of Pharmacy ; Dr. Rusby in the chair ; 12 persons present.
The deaths of two members were reported by the secretary, of the Very Reverend E. A. Hoffman, June 17, 1902, and of Dr. T. F. Allen, December 5, 1902. Resolutions in honor of the latter, a vice-president and founder of the’ Torrey Club, are in preparation, and his funeral at St. Thomas’ Church on December 8, was attended by representatives of the Club.
One new member was elected, Mrs. Frank E. Curtis, 78 Orange Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
The scientific program followed. The first paper was by Pro-
”)
fessor A. D. Selby, on ‘‘ Cultures of the Grape-rot Fungus,” with exhibition of culture-tubes containing its fully developed perithecia, spore-sacs and spores, derived from pycnospores upon the grape leaf. This fungus has menaced the grape industry in Ohio, pro-
ducing rotting of fruit and spotting of leaf.
28
The second paper, by Dr. H. H. Rusby, was on “ The Flora of the Orinoco Delta,’ a delta extending about 200 miles along the sea, and as far inland if we include the region of rocky islands and deep rocky river channels in addition to the area of silt- deposit. It is doubtful if the part visited by Dr. Rusby had been botanically explored before his visit. Its characteristic features are :
1. A hill flora which covers islands never submerged and rocky banks of the river toward the interior: trees and Bignoniaceous vines characterize it. Mounted sheets exhibited (from Dr. Rusby’s collecting) included Spondias, the hog-plum, Axona, the custard- apple, palms of the genus actrzs, and representatives of the many | large trees (exceeding often 100 feet high), as a Vitex of the Ver- dena family and an Alberta of the Rubia family ; also a Pauliinia, a woody vine and a Cupania, both of the Sapindaceae, etc.
2. A river flora, including a marginal flora on submerged banks and a submerged flora upon islands: chiefly a mass of tangled vines. River bank trees of which specimens were shown included a Cecropia of the fig family, and /uga, a relative of the acacia, a tree which becomes a mass of flowers frequented by hundreds of humming-birds. Another tree, Hecastophyllum, has its hollow stems inhabited by myriads of stinging ants. Shrubs of the marginal flora include many with a milky juice, as Zader- naemontana, and many gorgeous-blooming species of Solanume. Woody vines were largely of the Bignoniaceae ; drinkable water was obtained from the stem of one which climbed perhaps 100 feet. Marginal river herbs shown included a Sfzgelia, source of a valuable drug, especially important now that the Sfzgela of the southern United States is disappearing. A Cuphea with orange flowers made a magnificent display. A Heliconia (7. pendula) of the Zingiberaceae, resembles a drooping orchid. Sphenoclea, an introduced member of the Lodeha family from India, covered low places. Island trees include several large drupe-bearing species of J/oguilea and Licania, related to our plum, and producing a wood valued there for charcoal-making.
3. Along the setbacks of high-water periods, lakes remain as the water recedes, alternating with partly dried exposed levels, _which produce peculiarly dense and formidable swamps. The
29
lakes become covered with vegetation which resembles a meadow at a distance. This swamp flora includes floating and herbaceous aquatics and shrubby thickets like chaparral. Trees occur with roots nearly exposed during the dry season.
The swamp flora includes many trees of the Rudza family, with valuable wood ; a profusion of shrubby Laztana and Eupatorium ; various vines, as the Securidaca of the Polygala family ; herbs, as Jussiaca of the Onagraceae, etc.
4. A tidal flora extends some forty miles in breadth along the coast, with villages built on piles. The littoral flora at the ocean edge is soon replaced by an inland tidal flora, largely of stout fan-leaved palms, of different species from the short spiny palms of the river margins or the tall smooth palms of the hills.
Dr. Rusby found but few orchids; two exhibited were a beautiful /onxopsis and a Hadenaria of curious floating habit, grow- ing over deep water. One of the palms occurring there is re- markable for its elevated base, raised about four feet by means of spiny outward stilts (roots ?), its smooth trunk rising upward about forty feet.
In answer to inquiries, Dr. Rusby said that his collections were made during six weeks beginning in April; that though he found many flowers, he concluded that flowering and seed production at any time is comparatively the exception in the tropics, nature relying chiefly on the continuance of plants by vegetative proc- esses. Much ofthe country visited was uninhabited ; the Imataca mountains, about twenty-five miles distant, had never, it would seem, been visited by the Indians of the region. Dr. Rusby at- tempted to reach them, but in vain, making but nine miles in three weeks.
Two members of the party afterwards reached these mountains, and were rewarded by the discovery of a “lace-work fall’’ hun- dreds of feet in height but falling from inaccessible cliffs.
The evening’s program closed with the exhibition by Dr. Underwood of a sterile mycelium of a fungus of the nature of a Polyporus, growing recently beneath the new North German Lloyd docks. EDWARD S. BurGESS,
Secretary.
30
MEETING OF JANUARY 13, 1903
This, the annual meeting, was held at the College of Phar- macy ; seventeen present; Dr. H. H. Rusby in the chair.
The minutes for December g were read and approved. The announced meeting of December 31 was reported adjourned.
Election to active membership included three: Mr. Marshall H. Bright, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Mr. L. C. LeRoy, 6 Lexmeton Ave., New York City ; Miss Mary M. Brackett, 640 West 115th St., New York City.
Annual reports of officers were made as follows:
By the treasurer, Professor F. E. Lloyd, reporting a balance in the treasury.
By the recording secretary, Professor E. S. Burgess, present- ing the bound volume of minutes for the year 1902, and report- ing a present active membership of 238, and total membership of 384; 17 meetings during the year with average attendance of 1G) Bey papers presented, besides about 33 minor communica- tions or brief notes.
By the corresponding secretary, Dr. J. K. Small, reporting at- tendance upon the foreign correspondence of the Club.
By the editor-in-chief, Dr. L. M. Underwood, reporting 1902 as the Club’s most productive year of publication, both as re- gards text and plates, with a total 1,761 octavo pages and go plates. This was partly in consequence of the number of Mem- oirs printed, two intended for 1g01 having been delayed till 1902.
By the editor of Torreya, Dr. M. A. Howe, reporting a favor- able increase in the subscriptions outside the club membership.
By Dr. N. L. Britton, chairman of the committee on local flora, calling attention to the need of the prosecution of local studies.
By Dr. L. M. Underwood, chairman of the committee on the Cryptogamia, reporting the local value of Dr. Tracy E. Hazen’s recent monograph on the Chaetophoraceae and Ulothricaceae, based very largely on material collected in or near New York City. The local fleshy fungi have been extensively collected during the past year by Professor F. S. Earle, including some’ 1,400 numbers.
The report of the chairman of the field committee, Dr. Schoe-
ney, was deferred on account of his illness. The need of more help in supplying guides was presented by Mr. Eugene Smith.
The following special committees were appointed :
An auditing committee, to consider the accounts of the treas- urer, consisting of Dr. Britton and Dr. Small.
A committee of ways and means to promote the usefulness of the Club by increase of membership in the city and among non-resident botanists, and to increase the subscription list of our three publications. On motion of Dr. Underwood, the editor, treasurer, recording secretary, and the two vice-presidents were appointed as this committee.
The session was closed by the annual election. Several changes in the official board were made necessary by the death of vice-president Allen, the departure of the editor, Dr. Under- wood, on his sabbatical leave, and the resignation of the secretary, E. S. Burgess, on account of pressure of work. The following officers were elected: President, Hon. Addison Brown; Vice- Presidents, Dr. H. H. Rusby, Professor E.S. Burgess ; 7reasurer, Professor F. E. Lloyd; Recordimg Secretary, Professor F. S. Earle; Corresponding Secretary, Dr. J. K. Small; Editor, Dr. John H. Barnhart; Assoczate Editors, Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. T. E. Hazen, Dr. M. A. Howe, Dr. D. T. MacDougal, Dr. W. A. Murrill, Dr. H. M. Richards, Miss Anna Murray Vail.
Adjournment followed upon this election.
EDWARD S. BURGESS, Secretary.
CORRESPONDENCE
The Connecticut Botanical Society was organized in New Haven, January 24, 1903, with an initial membership of thirty- one ladies and gentlemen interested in the flora of the State.
The officers of the Society are: President, Professor A. W. Evans ; Vice-President, Dr. C. B. Graves; Recording Secretary and T7yeasurer, Dr. E. H. Eames; Corresponding Secretary, Mr. E. B. Harger, Oxford, Conn.
32
Mr. Harger read an interesting paper on ‘“‘ November Wild Flowers,” followed at the afternoon session, by Mr. M. L. Fer- nald, ‘‘On the Geographic Distribution of certain New England Plants,’’ which was carefully illustrated by numerous herbarium specimens, and a paper by Mr. W. E. Britton, “‘ Notes on the Flora of the North Haven Plains,’ which was aided by photographs.
A work undertaken by this Society is the preparation of an ac- curate list of the flora of the State, to accomplish which, in part, a committee on phaenogamous and vascular-cryptogamous plants was appointed. Another committee, for work upon the lower cryptogams, will be announced later.
The former committee consists of Dr. C. B. Graves, New Lon- don; Dr. E. H. Eames, Bridgeport; Mr. C. H. Bissell, South- ington; Mr. L. Andrews, Southington; Mr. E. B. Harger, Ox- ford; and Mr. J. N. Bishop, Plainville.
The preparation of the flora would be made less difficult, if all who can supply specimens and information of value, will assist the committee as much as possible. To this end any member may be addressed, with the assurance that full credit will be given for all available material, together with the thanks of the Society, and of all who are interested.
E. H. EAmeEs) SVs
Secretary. BRIDGEPORT, CONNECTICUT, February 1, 1903.
NEWS ITEMS
Volume 2 of the Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, consisting of a monograph on ‘The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development” by Dr. D. T. Mac- Dougal, was issued on January 20. It is expected that a review notice of this work will appear in the March number of TorREya.
‘“« Additional Observations on the Strand Flora of New Jersey,” is the title of a paper by Dr. John W. Harshberger, of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, issued in December from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. This is supplementary to the author’s ‘‘ Ecological Study of the New Jersey Strand Flora,” published in 1go0o.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 28, published in 1901, contained 706 pages of text and 49 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.
Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-28 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur- nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27 (1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vol. 28, three dollars.
Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes.
(2) MEMOIRS
The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-II are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per'volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application.
(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.
Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY
Vol. 3 March, 1903 No. 3
~LTORREYA
MonrTuty Journat or Boranicat Nores anp News EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
Vital Persistency of Agave Americana: S. B. PARISH .......0.........::02050- See ae 33 A Key to the North American Species of Lentinus—I: F.S. EARLE.............. =a 35) The Pubescence of Species of Astragalus: FRANCIS RAMALEY...............-2020002-0 38 Shorter Notes:
Insect Visitors of Scrophularia: T, D, A. CoOCKERELL....0....0....2cccec eee verse eee 40
Some interesting Hepaticae from Maine: CAROLINE COVENTRY HAYNES...... 40 Reviews :
MacDougal’s Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and
Development: C. CU RAES Tae hen he ae eg ae 4] Prockedings ofthe: Chup: 2 Hew BARE RY soos Se oon panei wicb en ous wage ve toe dan dager 44 UE TSS To Rae PRR ve NSH BS beat hs ar gOS orca gS a SE aN 47
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At NortH Queen STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. BY THE New Era Phintinc Company
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1903.
President, HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents,
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, Px.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, Fo S..EAREE;. A.M. JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University.
Associate Editors, = : NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D, DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL,. Ph.D. © TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, -Ph.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Ph.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY. VAIL.
TorreyA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be
furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE ; New York Botanical Garden ’ Bronx Park, New York City
Wool. 3 No. 3
TORREYA
March, 1903
VEN PER SISiENCY, OF AGAVE AMERICANA
By S. B. ParisH
In the autumn of. 1890 Mr. George S. Myers, of Riverside, California, planted on his grounds a young Agave Americana. By 1900 it had become so inconveniently large that its removal
Fic. 1. Agave Americana.
was desirable, and in March, its leaves having first been sawed off, it was dug up, and, by the aid of a horse, drawn aside, where it was left to become dry and be burned. The next spring it
[Vol. 3, No. 2, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 17-32, was issued February 19,
1903. ] 33
34
was still living, but the fibrous roots were dry, and were scorched off with the assistance of some rubbish. The trunk itself showed no noticeable shrinkage or desiccation.
In May, 1902, it was observed to be putting forth a flowering scape. The plant had now lain for two years on the dry ground without any radical connection with it, and, consequently, with- out receiving any nutriment or water. The growth of the scape was rapid, averaging in its early period six inchesa day. As the trunk lay on its side the scape necessarily turned upwards at right angles, and it was maintained in an upright position by means of guy wires. Eventually it attained a height of about fifteen feet, flowered freely and produced fruit. The illustration is from a photograph taken August 15, 1902.
In November, of the same year, the energy of the plant being still unexhausted, it produced three small scapes from near the base of the crown, the largest of which was about eighteen inches high. These also flowered.
Mr. E. A. Zumbro, of the Riverside High School, informs me that, in another case, he knew of an agave which flowered after it had been dug up and had lain on hard ground “a long time.”
It is frequently the custom here in California, as an agave grows large, to keep all but its uppermost leaves pruned off; and such plants flower vigorously. The nutriment which agaves store up preparatory to inflorescence is deposited mainly in the crown and in the leaf-bases, so that the removal of the leaves themselves affects the plant only to a limited degree. The dry- ing of the sap on the cut surfaces seems to seal them up so as to prevent much evaporation.
For the greatest part, it is upon this accumulated nutriment that an agave draws for the rapid development that characterizes its reproductive period. The supplies directly contributed by the root system at this time must be comparatively insignificant. We are not surprised at seeing agaves flowering freely in the sterile and arid soil of the deserts, where, at the time, their roots can find little, if any, moisture — must, in fact, serve mainly as mere holdfasts.
It is but a step further to find a plant accomplishing its repro-
ductive function after it has been deprived of roots. Why, in the present case, it did not do this in the first year, rather than in the second, is not clear. Evidently its vigor and resources must have been greater then ; for there could have been no gain, and there must have been some loss. Perhaps it was that unex- plained force which sometimes causes a starved and dying plant to throw all its remaining strength into a final effort for the per- petuation of its species.
The production of secondary, and quasi-lateral, inflorescences is not uncommon in agaves, both in cultivation and when grow- ing wild. As is well understood, they are produced by offsets,
either developed or latent. SAN BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA, December 20, 1902.
eee TEE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF LENTINUS —I
By F. S. EARLE
The genus Leztznus was founded by Fries in 1825.* From the first it has been an incongruous aggregate consisting of several groups of quite diverse species which agree only in a certain toughness of texture. In outlining the original generic characters, Fries says the lamellae are concrete with the pileus, while in Agaricus he says they are discrete. This character, however, is shared with Panus, which thus seems to differ only in being still firmer in texture. Many species of Lentinus have the lamellae more or less lacerate or dentate on the margin, but, from the first, species have been included in the genus without this character.
The genus is now usually divided into the seven following sections:
KEY TO THE SECTIONS OF LENTINUS
I. Stipe central or excentric ; pileus entire. 2. (MMesopodes) Stipe lateral or wanting ; pileus dimidiate. PLEUROTI. Stipe wanting; pileus resupinate. RESUPINATI.
* Syst. Orb. Veg. 77. 1825.
36
2. Pileus hairy or strigose. CRINITI. Pileus scaly. LEPIDEI. Pileus pulverulent. PULVERULENTI (see Cyznz¢z in following keys). Pileus glabrous, lobed, unequal. COCHLEATI. Pileus glabrous, regular. CORNUCOPIOIDES.
There are some reasons for considering the Cvznzi7 as the typical section of the genus and when it comes to be divided, as it doubt- less will be, the name should probably be retained for this section, which constitutes a very homogeneous group of mostly tropical species. They are all thin, deeply depressed to infundibuliform and have a conspicuous hairy vestiture. The Pulverulent: agree closely with this section and so faras the North American species are concerned should be united with it as has been done in the following keys. These species differ only in a somewhat shorter vestiture, but they are distinctly velvety with close short hairs, not truly pulverulent.
The Lepider constitute another homogeneous group having little in common with the C7znzzz. In these the pileus is thick and fleshy though firm and rather tough and the shape is convex rather than depressed but usually with the center umbilicate. The surface of the pileus usually breaks into more or less con- spicuous innate scales. In the young state there is a distinct cortina covering the lamellae but this disappears without leaving an annulus on the stem.
The Cochleati are many of them densely cespitose. They are comparable to the cespitose section of Citocyée. Neither this section nor the Cornucopioides are well defined homogeneous groups like the other two. The species now assigned to the Pleuroti and Resupinat will probably ultimately be assigned to Pleurotus and Panus, where they seem to be more closely related than to the other well-defined groups of Leztinus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LENTINUS Section CRINITI (including PULVERULENTI)
1. Pileus regular ; stipe central. 2. Pileus irregular; stipe often excentric. 26. 2. Pileus strigose or villous or the margin ciliate. 8). Pileus velvety (Pulverulenti). 25. 3. Hairs of the pileus free, not fascicled. 4.
Hairs of the pileus more or less fascicled. ies
Io.
ile
12.
ney
14.
ri
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
B37
. Pileus villous, hairs mostly soft and appressed. 5 Pileus strigose or setose, often erect, or some scale-like. 9. . Pileus infundibuliform ; stipe mealy, or floccose-scaly. 6 Pileus umbilicate or depressed ; stipe fibrillose or velvety. Of . Pileus dark reddish-brown ; stipe slightly mealy. ER CHUILEL CASA (Oleray katie Pileus pale cervinous ; stipe floccose-scaly. L. subcervinus B, & C.
. Stipe velvety ; pileus becoming glabrate, margin ciliate. ZL. blepharodes B. & C.
Stipe fibrillose ; hairs of the pileus persistent. 8. . Lamellae pallid; stipe white. L, Wrightiz B. & C. Lamellae white ; stipe brown. L. villosus Klotzsch* . Pileus deeply infundibuliform. 10. Pileus only depressed or umbilicate. fife Pileus with disc glabrate ; stipe spotted. L. chaetoloma Fr. Pileus with the disl: minutely scaly ; stipe hispid. L. strigellus Berk. Stipe subvillous, apex black-punctate, cervinous. L. stupens WKiotzscht Stipe subsquamulose. 12, Stipe white ; pileus 4 cm., deeply umbilicate. L. rigidulus B. & C. Stipe brownish-yellow ; pileus 12 mm., subglobose. L. Schweinitzit Fr. Stipe glabrate to furfuraceous-squamulose. 14. Stipe strigose, villous or. velvety. 19. Pileus convex, yellow, the disc furfuraceous-velvety. L. chrysopeplus B. & C. Pileus infundibuliform. 15. Stipe nearly black; margin of pileus strongly revolute. L. nigripes Fr. Stipe nearly black ; margin of pileus not revolute. L. Leveillet Berk. Stipe subconcolorous or paler. 16. Pileus cervinous, with soft appressed hairs, disc becoming glabrate. 17. Pileus much paler, pilose-tomentose ; stipe glabrous. L. Swartz Berk. Lamellae pallid, not anastomosing; stipe subglabrous. L. tener Klotzsch Lame!lae pale cervinous, anastomosing behind ; stipe furfuraceous, 18. Lamellae not glandular. L. Schomburgkii Berk. Lamellae glandular, punctate. L. Schomburgkii var. Berk. Pileus infundibuliform. 20. Pileus umbilicate or depressed. 22. Pileus large, 18-24 cm. L. Sullivantit Mont. Pileus smaller, 4-8 cm. Pits Lamellae reddish, velvety next the stipe. L. caelopus Lév. Lamellae pallid, glabrous, entire. L. Nepalensis Berk.
* The type of this species was from the island of Mauritius, east of Madagascar.
It is doubtful if it occurs in this hemisphere, though much material from tropical America has been referred to it.
+ This species also is from Mauritius and is very doubtfully American.
38
22. Pileus with hairs in stalked pyramidal fascicles. L. pyramidatus B. &C. Pileus not as above. 23% 23. Pileus orange, hairs of two kinds, lanate and rigid. L, siparius B. & C, Pileus cervinous, strigose ; stipe farinose above. L. Nicaraguensis B. & C. Pileus fuscous or fulvous. 24.
24. Pileus small (1.25 cm.), membranous-coriaceous, totally covered with short
deciduous fascicled hairs. L. Leprieurtt Mont, Pileus 3 cm., fascicles of hairs toward the center, scattered and depressed.
L. sparsibarbts B. & C.
25. Stipe thick, tapering downward, 4-5 cm. 5-10 mm. L. castaneus EN), & McB. Stipe elongated, cylindrical, radicating, reaching 15 cm. % 3-5 mm. L. velutinus Fr.
26. Very large ; pileus 15 cm., white, fulvous when dry. L. vellereus B. & C. Smaller ; pileus 2-6 cm., purplish, then reddish-brown. L. strigosus (Schw.) Fr. (= L. Lecomte Fr. ).
THE PUBESCENCE OF SPECIES ORG ees
By FRANCIS RAMALEY
While making a study of leaf anatomy in the genus As¢ragalus, a difference was noted in the character of the trichomes in the different’ species. There are two kinds of hairs. Both are straight and simple with small basal cell and elongated end cell. In one kind of hair the end cell is straight and tapers to the point. The basal portion is the thickest part of the cell. This is shown in Fig. 1, which is a surface view of the lower epidermis of Astragalus racemosus Pursh. In the other kind of hair, the end cell is pointed cigar-shaped and attached some distance from one of the ends. Fig. 2 shows the appearance of these hairs in surface view of the lower epidermis of A. Carolinianus L. The mode of attachment will be recognized in Fig. 3, which is from a vertical section of the leaf of the same species. These cigar- shaped, double-pointed hairs are recorded for Astragalus by Solereder,' but no figure is given in his work. He calls them “two-armed ”’ hairs.
Specimens of eight species were examined by the writer. In each of these eight, so far as might be judged from the material
1Syst. Anat. Dicotyledonen, 305. 1899.
30)
studied, only one kind of trichomes was present. Care was taken to examine specimens of each species collected in various localities.
It is quite likely that there are species in which the hairs are more or less intermediate in form between the two kinds here
- fr v's sh ce¢ Gweoew. S Bg Ge)
Fics. 1-3. Hairs of Astragavus.
described. In fact in A. Carolinianus some of the hairs have the short ‘“‘arm’’ quite short, so that instead of being neatly the length of the longer arm, it is only about one sixth of the length. The hairs shown in Fig. 2 are of about average form for the species.
Since the two kinds of hairs seem to be characteristic for the particular species, it is possible they could be made use of by systematists. The great difficulty of the genus Astragalus is
40)
well known and these additional characters might serve to render identification easier. For simple identification of the kind of hair, it is not necessary to make thin sections of the leaf. An entire leaflet, taken from an herbarium specimen, may be placed on a slide and examined dry by reflected light, using the low power of the compound microscope.
Of the species examined, the following have the single-armed hairs: Astragalus Drummondi Dougl., A. alpinus L., A. bige- lov A. Gray, A. crassicarpus Nutt., A. fleruosus (Hook.) Dougl., A. Hypoglottis L., A. junciformis A. Nelson, A. racemosus Pursh. Of these the first three have hairs somewhat longer than the rest and longer than those of A. racemosus shown in Fig. 1. Only two of the species examined have the double-pointed hairs. These are Astragalus adsurgens Pall. and A. Carohnianus L.
The purpose of this note is merely to call attention to these
trichomes in the hope that systematists may find them useful. UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, 30ULDER, COLO.
SHORTER NOTES
INSECT VISITORS OF SCROPHULARIA. — With reference to Mr. E. W. Berry’s notes (TorREYA, 3: 8), it may be said that Scroph- ularia is freely visited in Europe and America by short- tongued bees. On Ruidoso Creek, New Mexico, Professor E. O. Wooton found a Scrophularia (1 suppose S. montana, Wooton) to be freely visited by three species of the bee-genus Prosopsis, which I described as P. Wootoni, P. tridentula and P. Rudbeckie race Ruidosensis. C. Robertson (Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 587) cites numerous species of bees, long- and short- tongued, from Scrophularia in Illinois. Knuth (Blitenbiologie, 2°: 142 ff) gives a summary of the European records.
T. D.. A. CoGkErann,
East Las VEGAS, NEw Mexico.
SOME INTERESTING HEPATICAE FROM Maine. — In a collection representing fifteen genera and twenty-one species made in the vicinity of Prospect Harbor, Maine, by Mrs. Alice R. Northrop
4]
and studied by the writer with the assistance of Dr. M. A. Howe and Dr. A. W. Evans, Cephalozia Francisct (Hook.) Dumort. is recognized for the first time as an American species. Cep/alozia Francisci is somewhat rare in Europe, though it has been found in England, Ireland, France, Denmark and Germany. Various botanists have mentioned and described it, Sir W. J. Hooker being the original describer under the name of /ungermannia Francisct in his British Jungermanniae, f/. 49. His full descrip- tion and ‘figures agree with our specimen except in regard to the perianth, which he says is “evidently toothed,’ ours being simply repand as Spruce later described it in his work on Cepha- lozia(p. 49). The perianths in our specimen agree well with those of two specimens from the Rheinprovinz in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. In Europe the species is said to be ‘‘in fruit,’’ gemmiparous also, in spring and early summer ; here, at this Maine station, it bears gemmae, immature androecia, and perianths with immature sporogonia, in August. This locality in Maine proved also a new station for Frullania Tamarisci (L.) Dumort., which is rare in this country ; and Scapania curta (Matt.) Dumort., also, was found growing there with Rzccardia latifrons Lindb. and Cephalozia lunulaefolia Dumort., evincing the same choice of associates as when found a few years ago on the other side of the continent, at Sisson, Siskiyou Co., California, by Dr.
Howe. CAROLINE COVENTRY HAYNES. 16 EAST 36TH STREET, New York CIty.
REVIEWS
The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development *
So incomplete and contradictory conclusions have been ob- tained upon this subject by various authors since the time of John Ray, 1686, that it is fortunate that this question has been at last taken up in a systematic and comprehensive manner. In the present memoir, Doctor MacDougal has presented an excep- tionally important contribution to science. The work is a model of its kind not only in the scope of the undertaking, but in the
* MacDougal, D. T. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Garden 2: i—xiii + 1-319. 7. 7-176. 20 Ja. 1903.
42
manner and form of presentation. A review of the more impor- tant investigations and conclusions that have been reached -by various authors prefaces the observations. During the seven years in which the work was prosecuted, ninety-seven species of plants were cultivated in continuous darkness with controls in ordinary alternation of daylight and darkness. Plants illustrating a wide range of habit and habitat were utilized, embracing aquatics, creepers, climbers, succulents, mycorhizal forms and fungi, geophilous and aerial shoots, mesophytes and xerophytes. These were grown from tubers, corms, rhizomes, cuttings of leaves and stems, seeds and spores. A full account of the con- ditions of experimentation and results obtained with each of these plants is given, together with 176 cuts illustrating the morpho- logical and histological variations. The concluding portion of the volume is devoted to a general consideration and interpreta- tion of the results obtained, and deals with the effect of light and darkness upon the various organs and tissues, the nature of etiolation, the relation of light and darkness to growth and differentiation, the stimulative influence of light, and the influence of etiolation upon chemical composition. An excellent index enhances the value of the book.
Of the many important features that should be mentioned the limits of this review permit the presentation of only a few. A wide variation is to be seen in the amount of growth or increase in volume, and in the differentiation of the tissues and organs of the etiolated plant. Itis interesting to note that in many species the total length, diameter and volume of the etiolated shoot and its organs are not so great as in the case of the plant grown under normal conditions. So also in regard to the differentiation of the tissues, no generalizations can be made owing to the diver- sified conditions found. In a general way it can be said that the degree of differentiation of the tissues is less marked in etiolated forms, and that primary and embryonic tissues, especially paren- chyma, are subject to continued cell formation and growth. To these tissues more especially is the growth and increase in volume due. The abnormal development of this fundamental tissue doubtless also accounts for the commonly observed torsion
45
and twisting of etiolated parts, since the activity of these cells results in a displacement of the mechanical tissues.
Perhaps the most important result reached by the author is the demonstration of the absence of a paratonic action of light on growth. The failure of a large proportion of the plants to mani- fest an increased growth in darkness can only be interpreted as demonstrating that there is no invariable relation existing between light and increase in length and thickness or between the division and increase in volume of the cell. On the other hand those forms exhibiting a marked acceleration in growth when removed from the light show adaptional elongations that can be explained by the stimulative action of darkness rather than by the retard- ing action of light. The views of Sachs on this subject and on the morphological significance of climbing plants and in fact the entire views of his school on the relation of light and darkness to growth and development fall to the ground as a result of the evidence here brought forward. Several other widely accepted views become untenable in the light of these extended and accur- ately performed experiments. The attempt by Kraus to explain the atrophy or meager development of leaves on the basis of a lack of nutrition is seen to be futile when wider observations reveal the fact that often the development in darkness may equal or exceed the normal growth. ' So also the belief, generally ac- cepted since the time of Boehm and Godlewsky, that the elonga- tions manifested in etiolated plants are adaptive reactions to lift the photosynthetic parts into the light is overthrown by the results that were obtained in many instances where these organs either failed to show any response that could possibly be in- terpreted as adaptive or on the other hand were clearly the reverse of beneficial. The main conclusions of the author may be summed up in these words: Darkness deprives the plant of the determinative and morphogenic influence of light and conse- quently the embryonic tissues are chiefly developed while the secondary tissues that appear in the plant body, in the formation of the flower, maturation of the fruit, etc., are poorly differen- tiated. The growth, consequently, of the etiolated plant is due to the stimulus of darkness and entirely controlled by its auto- tropic and geotropic reflexes. CARLTON C. CURTIS.
44
PROGEEDINGS: OF THE Cra
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 28, 1903
The meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden ; twenty members present ; Dr. Britton in the chair.
The resignations of Mr. John J. Schoonhoven and Miss Rachel W. Farrington were accepted. By vote of the Club, Miss Far- rington was placed on the list of corresponding members. The scientific program was then taken up.
The first paper was by Mr. R. S. Williams, entitled ‘‘Some Economic Plants of Bolivia.” He stated that there are great ex- tremes in temperature in Bolivia, frost occurring in the higher eleva- tions for ten months of the year. Many grasses are found at these elevations. The chief crops for the high lands are barley, wheat, potatoes and guznoa, the seeds of a species of the Chenopodia- ceae. Many varieties of corn are raised up to 5,000 to 6,000 ft. Beans of many kinds are alsogrown. Rice is the principal grain in the tropical regions. Sugar cane grows up to 4,000 ft. and there are large fields of it everywhere. It is crushed by passing the stalks back and forth between rollers turned by oxen. The fruits of the lower country are lemons, oranges, bananas, papaya, cherrimoya, granadilla and others. A species of sorrel, Ovadlis tuberosa, is largely cultivated. The tubers are eaten as a vege- table. Tomatoes are raised, but they are poor and small. Pep- pers are in great variety, and are much used. Coffee is grown up to 5,0oooft. A fine quality is produced but distance from market prevents its export. There are no wild fruits or nuts of value in the region visited.
The people of the higher regions, the Aymara, live princi- pally on meat. They are larger and darker-colored than the low- land tribes, the Quitchua, and are different in habits.
The paper was discussed by Dr. Britton, Professor Selby and others.
The second paper was by F. S. Earle entitled ‘“‘ Remarks on the Fungus Flora of Jamaica.’’ He gave a brief account of the topography and climate of the island. There have been some
45
five or six papers on Jamaica fungi, beginning with Patrick Browne in £755, but the total number known from the island is so far less than a hundred species. About five hundred num- bers were taken by the speaker during his recent visit to the island. Of.these nearly one half belonged to the Polyporaceae. About one hundred were Agaricaceae, over thirty Thelephora- ceae, but only three Hydnaceae. Of the Pyrenomycetes over one half belonged to the Xylariaceae. Of rusts (Uredinales) there were only twelve. Quite unexpectedly, the conidial stages of the powdery mildews (Erysiphaceae) were fairly abundant, but in no case were perithecia found.
As arule, fungi are more abundant at the lower elevations and in the drier parts of the island. In the moist mountain woods where the conditions are most favorable for the growth of ferns, fungi are not abundant. Some saprophytes were found in such locations but parasites were almost entirely absent.
Mr. Nash exhibited a living flowering specimen of a new spe- cies of Pitcairnia collected by Dr. Britton in St. Kitts. Among its more prominent characters were the absence of spines and the conspicuous whitening of the under side of the leaves.
Dr. Britton described the finding of this plant at the summit of Mt. Misery, on the rim of an extinct crater. It was growing in a deep carpet of moss and was associated with other brome- liads including Pitcarrnia alta, a spiny species, and an undescribed Tillandsia.
Dr. Howe was now called to the chair and Dr. Britton pre- sented the following resolutions on the recent death of Dr. Tim- othy F. Allen:
Resolved, That in the death of Dr. Timothy F. Allen, for many years one of its Vice-Presidents, and one of its original incorporators, the Torrey Botanical Club and the science of bot- any have experienced a serious loss.
Resolved, That the sincere sympathy of the Club be and is hereby extended to the family of Dr. Allen.
Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of the Club, and that they be printed in TORREyA.
The above resolutions were accepted and adopted. F. S. EARLE, Secretary.
46
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 1903
The meeting was held at the College of Pharmacy ; in the absence of the President and Vice-Presidents, Dr. Lighthipe was called to the chair; sixteen members were present.
The following persons were elected as active members :
Dr JG Arthur leatayette, Ind:
Professor Melville T. Cooke, Greencastle, Ind.
Mrs. Elizabeth B. Davenport, Brattleboro, Vt.
The paper of the evening was by Mr. Eugene Smith, entitled “ Remarks on Aquatic Plants.”’
The speaker exhibited a number of specimens of marsh and aquatic plants. The distinction between the two is not sharply drawn, but the true aquatics pass their entire life under water or at most produce only their flowers and fruit at the surface. The flowers of true aquatics are never showy. Marsh and aquatic vegetation includes many diverse elements from a systematic standpoint, including representatives from the lowest to the highest families. Algae are of course almost exclusively aquatic and con- stitute a great part of the underwater vegetation. The bryophytes are represented by many species, some of which are truly aquatic. The pteridophytes have a few aquatic and semi-aquatic mem- bers. The Naiadaceae and Valisneriaceae are the most important families of flowering plants that are wholly aquatic. Many others include aquatic species, but they become fewer in the Gamopetalae.
Few species of flowering plants are able to live in brackish or salt water. Methods of pollination are often interesting, as in Valisneria, where the staminate spathes are on short stalks near the bottom and at maturity break away, carrying the pollen to the surface, where the pistillate spathes are borne on long pedun- cles. These after pollination coil up so that the fruits ripen near the bottom. With water plants that have both submerged and floating leaves there is usually a marked difference of form between the two. The tissues of aquatics are usually soft and flaccid. The plants being supported by the water do not need to develop hard woody tissues for mechanical support.
In the neighborhood of a body of water four categories of
47
plants can usually be distinguished, though the dividing lines are often not sharply drawn. These are, first, the swamp or marsh plants that are only partly submerged. Second, those that root in the bottom but with floating leaves. Third, those that are attached to the bottom but live wholly submerged and fourth, those that are free, either floating or submerged. The last group includes the vegetable part of the plankton.
The study of aquatic plants has been much neglected. The waters of tropical regions in particular afford almost a new field for exploration and study.
The paper was discussed by Dr. Howe, Dr. Barnhart and various other members. ES. HARTER,
Secretary. NEWS ITEMS
We learn from Sczence that Professor Bruce Fink, of the Upper Iowa University, has accepted the chair of botany at Iowa Col- lege and will assume his new duties in September.
Mr. J. Burtt Davy, recently of the University of California, has been appointed state agrostologist and botanist of the Transvaal. He sailed for South Africa from New York on March 10, going by way of England.
Mr. A. A. Heller, who returned a few weeks ago from his third botanical expedition to Porto Rico, has now gone to Cali- fornia. Pacific Grove, Monterey County, will be the base for his collecting operations for a time.
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton, of the New York Botanical Gar- den, and Mr. J. A. Shafer, custodian of the herbarium of the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburg, left New York on March 5 for Havana. They plan to devote a few weeks to botanical collect- ing in Cuba.
Professor F. S. Earle, of the New York Botanical Garden, and Mr. E. W. D. Holway, of Decorah, Iowa, sailed from New York on February 26, for Santiago, Cuba, where they were expecting to meet Professor Underwood, who has been for some weeks in Jamaica. The party intends to spend several weeks in making collections. and field studies in eastern Cuba.
48
Professor A. D. Selby, botanist of the Ohio Agricultural Ex- periment Station, who has been in residence at the New York Botanical Garden since November, has been granted a research scholarship by the Garden for the continuation of his studies in the chemical physiology of plants.
We are informed that the library of the late well-known bot- anist, Alexis Jordan, of Lyon (1814-1897), will be offered at auction next May. This is said to be one of the largest private botanical libraries in Europe. Paul Klincksieck, 3 rue Corneille, in Paris, is preparing a catalogue of this library, which will be sent free to applicants.
Dr. D. T. MacDougal, who, with Mr. Frederick V. Coville, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, has been serving in an advisory capacity in relation to the proposed desert botanical laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, returned to New York on February 28, after five weeks spent in visiting portions of New Mexico, Arizona, northern Mexico, and southern California.
Visiting botanists in New York since December 15, 1902, in- clude Mr. Henri Hus of the University of Amsterdam, Mr. A. F. Blakeslee of Harvard University, Professors L. R. Jones and William Stuart of the University of Vermont, Professor Alexander W. Evans of Yale University, Mr. John C. Willis, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya, Ceylon, Dr. William Dayton Merrell, of the University of Rochester, Mr. Clifton D. Howe, of the University of Chicago, Mr. E. W. D. Holway, De- corah, Iowa, and Mr. J. A. Shafer, of the Carnegie Museum.
The announcements of the Marine Biological Laboratory, at Wood’s Holl, Mass., of the Ohio State University Lake Labora- tory, at Sandusky, Ohio, and of the Harpswell Laboratory of Tufts College, at South Harpswell, Maine, for the summer of 1903, have been distributed. The department of botany of the Wood’s Holl Laboratory remains under the direction of Professor Bradley Moore Davis, of the University of Chicago; that of the Sandusky Laboratory is in charge of Professor W. A. Keller- man. Professor J. S. Kingsley, of Tufts College, is the director of the Harpswell Laboratory.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 29, published in 1902, contained 725 pages of text and 26 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.
Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-28 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur- nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27 (1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28 and 209, three dollars each.
Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes.
(2) MEMOIRS
The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I—-II are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application.
(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of _Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.
Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY
Vol 3 April, 1903 No. 4
TORREYA
A MonTuiy Journat or BoranicaLt Notes anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE
_ JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS Notes upon the Orchids of Central New York: Homer D. House ahae a cee 49 Wagaties of ;HMepatica.: HAL) ROSS: Jw sccesuctsdasctceiseve Soecdb vsiaec despasese eo eae 54 A Key to the North Meaerican Species of Lentinus—II: F. S, EARLE........... 58 Explosive Discharge of Antherozoids in Conocephalum : Cyrus A. KING...... 60 ‘Proceedings of the Club: F. S. EARDE, MARSHALL A. HOWE..,........s2ccceeee 0 Sea OL “1 SU EE Ee a opt ee i to ca eM Nc Be oreo ea 66
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB ; AT Nortu Queen STREET, LANCASTER, PA. ~ BY THE New ERA Printinc Company
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1903
President, ; HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D,
Vice- Presidents,
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. . EDWARD 8S. BURGESS, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, _ Corresponding Secretary, F, S. EARLE, A.M. JOHN K. SMALL, Px.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. | Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University.
Associate Editors,
NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D, DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.
TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Ph.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Ph.D.
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. “HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL.
TorrREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa,, or Columbia University, New York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE
New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City ©
ee eT
Vols3 No. 4
TORREYA
April, 1903
NOTES UPON THE ORCHIDS OF CENTRAL NEW YORK
By Homer D. HousEe
Central New York, and especially Onondaga County, has been frequently commented upon for its many species of ferns. A comparison of the orchid flora of the same region with that given in various local floras of the state, makes evident the fact that central New York has not only a rich fern flora but possesses also a large and varied orchid flora. In individuals the orchids are not so abundant as the ferns, but the number of species reported from this region is equal to, or larger than, that of any other section of New York. Paine, in the Flora of Oneida County, 1864, recorded forty-one species for all of New York west of Albany. Clute records twenty-nine species for the Susquehanna region ; Dudley, thirty-five species in the Cayuga Lake region. Beckwith and Macauley cite forty-one species from western New York. From these figures itis seen that the orchids appear to be more abundant as regards species in the northern and western parts of the state. For the purposes of this article, the region known as central New York may be limited to that part of the state north of the Susquehanna divide in the counties of Onondaga, Madison and Oneida, also including portions of Oswego and Herkimer counties. This area would have Little Falls on the extreme east and have its western limits a few miles west of Syracuse.
The names included herein are in most cases based upon acces- sible herbarium specimens. Of such specimens, most of those in the herbarium of Columbia University were collected by Pro-
[Vol. 3, No. 3, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 33-48, was issued March 20,
1903. } 49
50
fessor Underwood and Rev. W. M. Beauchamp. A lesser num- ber is represented in the herbaria of Syracuse University and of the New York Botanical Garden. There are recorded for this region as defined above, forty-five species and two varieties, one of the latter being new.
CYPRIPEDIUM L.
C. arietinum R. Br. Very rare. Clay swamp, Onondaga Co., Mrs. M. O. Rust, 1883. Reported by Paine from southern Herkimer County ; and near Oneida Lake according to Asa Gray.
C. acaule Ait. Common. Most abundant in the sandy pine. woods of the lower elevations, and especially about Oneida Lake and in Oneida County.
C. reginae Walt. Common in sphagnum bogs and in swamps, in both the hilly and lowland regions.
C. candidum Willd. Rare. Ina sphagnum swamp near Syra- cuse, and some years abundant there. Specimens from there are in several herbaria. Mr. Paine remarks that it is to be looked for in places where its companion plants, Parnassia Caroliniana and Valeriana sylvatica, grow. Paine did not know of this station but his observations upon its companion plants are well borne out here, the two mentioned being very abundant, as is also Dasiphora fruticosa.
C. hirsutum Mill. Rare. Jamesville, Onondaga Co.; Munns- ville, Madison Co.
C. parviflorum Salisb. Common. Syracuse, Onondaga Co., Underwood, 1890.
GALEORCHIS Rydb.
G. spectabilis (L.) Rydb. Not rare. Jamesville, Onondaga Co., Underwood ; Kirkville, Onondaga Co., Underwood ; Oneida, Madison Co.
Orcuis L.
O. rotundifolia Pursh. Very rare. Reported by Paine from Herkimer Co, There are specimens in the herbarium of Co- lumbia University from near Utica, Oneida Co., collected by Lops lmlhpore
51
PERULARIA Lindl.
P. flava (L.) Rydb. Very rare. Specimen in the Columbia herbarium collected by Asa Gray in 1834 in Oneida County.
CoELoGLossum Hartman C. bracteatum (Willd.) Parl. Found by Asa Gray, according to Paine, at Fairfield, Herkimer Co.; Sangerfield, Oneida Co.; and Brookfield, Madison Co.
GYMNADENIopsIsS Rydb. G. clavellata (Michx.) Rydb. Common.
Limnorcuis Rydb.
L. hyperborea (L.) Rydb. Rare. Jamesville, Onondaga Co., Underwood, 1891. Nearly all the so-called Ayperborea of this region belongs with the next species. The real L. hyperborea is sub-arctic and its occurrence in this region is rare. All of the specimens collected by Prof. Underwood and cited by Dr. Rydberg under Limunorchis hyperborea (Bull. Torrey Club, 28: 620. 1901), with the exception of the one cited above, belong to the next.
L. Huronensis (Nutt.) Rydb. Common. In part, the Hadenaria hyperborea of Gray's Manual.
L. dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. Common.
L. dilatata linearifola Rydb. Rare. Bridgewater, Oneida Co., the type collected by Asa Gray.
Lysias Salisb.
L. orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. Rare. Reported from southern Herkimer Co. by Paine, also from Oneida Co. Fiddler’s Green, Pecksport, Madison Co., Underwood. :
L. Hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb. Rare. Kirkville, Onondaga Co., Underwood ; Baldwinsville, Onondaga Co., Leauchamp. Reported by Paine from Oneida and Herkimer counties.
LysIELLA Rydb.
L. obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. Very rare. Reported by Paine from Herkimer Co.
52
BLEPHARIGLOTTIS Raf.
B. ciliaris (L.) Rydb. Not common. Baldwinsville, Onondaga Co., Beauchamp. Paine does not report this plant from cen- tral New York, the nearest station he gives being Schenec- tady on the east and Seneca Co. on the west. I have found it in woods on the pine plains east of Sylvan, Oneida Co.
B. blephariglottis (Willd.) Rydb. Scarce. Reported by Paine from Oneida and Herkimer counties.
B. lacera (Michx.) Rydb. Common. Usually growing in wet meadows or damp shady places.
B. leucophaea (Nutt.) Rydb. Very rare. ‘ Lily marsh,” Os- wego Co., J. H. Wibbe, 1876.
B. psycodes (L.) Rydb. Common.
POGONIA Juss.
P. ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Scarce. Kirkville and Baldwins-
ville, Onondaga Co., Beauchamp. Isotria Raf.
I. verticillata (Willd.) Raf. Rare. Baldwinsville, Onondaga Co., Beauchamp, 1887 ; Brower, 1887 and 1889 ; Underwood, 1890. “Lily marsh,” Oswego Co., /. Hf. Wibbe, 1876. Reported by Paine from Oneida County.
TripHora Nutt.
T. trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. Rare. Clay swamp near Syracuse, Onondaga Co., Underwood, 1888; Mrs. M. O. Rust, 1883. Reported by Paine from Madison and Oneida counties.
ARETHUSA L.
A. bulbosa L. Very rare. Syracuse, Onondaga Co., Under- wood, Brower. Reported by Paine from near Rome, Oneida County ; also in Herkimer County.
Limoporvum L. L. tuberosum L. Common in all sphagnum bogs. Eprpactis R. Br.
E. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Reichb. Rare. Otisco Lake, Onondaga
Co., S. WV. Cowles, 1889. Near Syracuse, Mrs. M. O. Rust,
53
Underwood. ‘First discovered in central New York by Mrs. M. P. Church, of the Syracuse Botanical Club, on August 6, 1878, ona hill under beeches, elms, maples and a few pines.” (Bull; Torrey Club, @: 329: 1370:)
GYROSTACHYS Pers.
G. siricta Rydb. Common. Most of the so-called G. Roman- sofiana reported from this region probably belongs here, the true G. Romanzoffiana being Alaskan.
G. plantaginea (Raf.) Britton. Common.
G. cernua (L.) Kuntze. Common.
G. praecox (Walt.) Kuntze. Scarce. Oneida, Madison Co., Flouse. Specimens collected in 1902, in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, were identified by Dr. Rydberg.
G. gracilis (Bigel.)Kuntze. Rare. Sylvan Beach, Oneida Co., Underwood, House, Paine. Reported by Paine from Little Falls, Herkimer County.
LIsTERA R. Br.
L. cordata (L.) R. Br. Syracuse, Onondaga Co., Underwood. Reported by Paine from Oneida and Herkimer counties.
L. australis Lindl. Rare. Baldwinsville, Onondaga Co., Un- derwood, Beauchamp. ‘Lily marsh,’ Oswego Co., /. 4H. Wibbe.
PERAMIUM Salisb.
P. repens (L.) Salisb. Scarce. Reported by Paine from Deer- field and Point-of-Rock Lake, Oneida County.
P. pubescens (Willd.).MacM. Scarce. Silver Beach, Oneida Co., House.
ero RTE Raf. :
A, monophylla (L.) Greene. Rare. Bridgewater, Oneida Co., collected by Asa Gray in 1834 (in the Columbia herbarium). Reported by Paine from the vicinity of Utica; also in Herki- mer County.
LeprorcHis Thouars
L. lilifolia (L.) Kuntze. Scarce. Oneida, Madison Co., House. Reported by Paine from Verona and Clark’s Mills, Oneida County.
54
L. Loeselit (L.) MacM. Common. Oneida, Madison Co., Maxon, FTouse. Kirkville, Onondaga Co., Underivood.. Reported by Paine from Oneida Lake and from Herkimer County.
Catypso Salisb. C. bulbosa (L.) Oakes. Mud Lake, Herkimer Co., 2. Hunt.
APLECTRUM Nutt.
A. spicatum (Walt.) B.S.P. Rare. Jamesville, Onondaga Co., Underwood. Reported from several places in Oneida County by Paine.
Aplectrum spicatum pallidum var. nov. Similar to the type, but the flowers lemon-yellow or greenish-yellow, without the usual purplish spots. Type in the herbarium of Columbia University, collected by Professor Underwood at Jamesville, Onondaga County, 1890.
CORALLORHIZA R. Br.
C. Corallorliza (L.) Karst. Common. Baldwinsville, Beaw- champ ; and Syracuse, Onondaga Co., Underwood. Reported from Oneida and Herkimer counties by Paine.
C. odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. Not rare. Syracuse, Onondaga Co., Underwood. Reported from Oneida County by Paine.
C. multifora Nutt. Common. Oneida, Madison Co., House. Pompey and Syracuse, Onondaga Co., Underivood.
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, April I, 1903.
VAGARIES OP HEP AEA: By eines oes (WiTtH FIGURES I-45.) No better inducement to companionship with plants could be desired than the discovery of a group of plants which seem
to be at play. The mutation theory of de Vries gives new prom-
* Abstract of a paper read at the eighth winter meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club, January 17, 1903.
55
inence to individual variations in connection with the genesis of species, and the study of such variations becomes significantly important.
On a headland of Lake Champlain, the writer has discovered most interesting variations of our two species of Hlepatica. While the divergence from the normal was mainly in the defi- nite direction of increase in the number of leaf lobes, it was the anomalous and unexpected forms that roused the greatest in- terest and presented the greatest problem. These aberrant forms seemed like the capricious expression of superabundant spirits, and might have been partly due to energy and material left free by the absence of seed-formation. Rich and abundant nutriment was another factor, producing many large leaves. However fantastic or grotesque was the configuration of the leaf, it retained the characteristic texture and style of venation. Many leaves were flat, thin, broad, and sometimes glabrous; others were thick and puckered along the edges. In many cases there was no sinus at the insertion of leaf on petiole, showing such contrasting modes of insertion as are exhibited by Figs. 13 and 41. Position and prominence of the sinuses and number and relative size of lobes gave each ieaf its peculiar shape. Broad and shallow sinus, deep and narrow cleft, lobes well separated or overlapping, broad and rounded or long and pointed, gave seemingly inexhaustible variety of interesting con- tours, ranging from reniform and indistinctly lobed leaves, two- to nine-lobed, two- and three-parted leaves, those with lobes metamorphosed into leaflets, to monstrous forms whose profiles gave caricatures of faces. The novelty of the odd shapes gave entertainment, while leaves like Figs. 33 and 36 pleased the eye by bilateral symmetry.
Over five hundred leaves, presenting a bewildering diversity of forms, were collected and mounted for deposit in the herbarium of the University of Vermont. With such an embarrassment of riches, it has been no light task to choose for reproduction the few that could be presented with this paper. It was deemed worth the trouble to present the venation of each leaf in order to depict its relation to the contour. Each figure is an approximate
o6
facsimile of the mounted specimen, the outlines having been traced from the dried leaf and the venation reproduced by free-hand drawing. The plate gives a reduction of one half natural size.
Many leaves spanning more than four inches were found. The one represented by Fig. 29 lacked a full half inch of spreading half a foot from tip to tip. Figs. 1 and 36 are especially inter- esting, perhaps the one showing the simple ancestral form and the other an ambitious prefiguration of the future ideal. Figs. Ig and 39 have small and curious outgrowths on the margins. Figs. 38, 40, 41, 42 and 43 are of special interest. Fig. 42 is puzzling, and was taken from a plant showing normal leaves. Some plants had but a single leaf with more than three lobes, while others had leaves variously lobed. One plant had 3 five-, I six-, I seven-, 2 eight-, and 1 nine-lobed leaves; another 3 five-, 4 six-, 1 seven-, I eight-, and 3 nine-lobed.
The discovery of the particular locality where extreme varia- tion occurred was too late in the season of 1902 to allow much observation of the flowers. Among the few found, many varia- tions were noted. Dioecious forms of flowers occurred frequently. The pistillate flower was small and set in an overgrown involucre, while staminate flowers were large and the involucre correspond- ingly reduced. Fig. 44 shows the pistillate flower, and in the same figure is depicted a tendency to lobing seen in few of the sessile leaves of the involucre. Some flowers had four and five leaves in the involucre, and Fig. 45 shows another tendency of separation of flower and involucre.
The variations illustrated by the accompanying figures are cer- tainly pronounced. Whether they are sufficiently self-perpetu- ating and sufficiently capable of segregation into definite groups to be worthy of consideration as possible mutants in a de Vrie-
sian sense, the writer does not assume to say. 3URLINGTON, VERMONT, March, 1903.
12 4 r N é We RS BP Sasa eae Zz
i EQ)
NS LF NZ
|
4 SS HSN 4 il
)
= VG 4 Hd ri j
SS
i
LEAVES OF HEPATICA.
58
A KEY DO THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF LENTINUS—II *
By F. S. EARLE
Section LEPIDEI
. Large; pileus reaching 15 cm. or more. 2, Medium ; pileus 4-10 cm. 4. Sniall; pileus less than 4 cm. 5.
. Pileus straw-colored with black punctate scales. L. maximus Johns. Pileus white or whitish, areolate-scaly. 3.
. Stipe excentric; cespitose; spores 13-16 uw < 5-6 pw. L. Underwoodit Pk. Stipe central ; gregarious; spores 8u X 4p. L. magnus Pk.
. Pileus 5-10 cm., scales spot-like, brown; spores 10-14 uw <6. L. lepideus Fr. Pileus 4-6 cm., scales punctate, black ; spores 6-7 uw & 3.
L. tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. . Pileus sulcate-striate, reddish. L. sulcatus Berk. Pileus even on the margin. 6.
. Cespitose ; pileus yellowish to ferruginous, pilose-squamose. L. pholiotoides Ell. & Anders, Scattered ; pileus brownish, punctate-squamose. L. Ravenelit B. & C.
Section COCHLEATI
. Stipe glabrous. 2. Stipe velvety or strigose, at least below. 6, . Cespitose. 3: Scattered or only gregarious. 5: . Lamellae brownish, edge white ; stipe hollow. L. friabilis Fr. Lamellae whitish ; stipe solid. 4. . Lamellae with the edge serrate. L. cochleatus Fr. Lamellae with the edge entire. L. cochleatus occidentalis Fr. . Pileus deeply umbilicate ; stipe concolorous. L. umbiticatus Pk.
Pileus expanded or subdepressed ; stipe short, shining reddish-brown. L. haematopus Berk.
. Pileus infundibuliform. He Pileus depressed or umbilicate. 8.
. Small; pileus 12-13 mm.; lamellae entire. L. Curtisit Sace. & Cub, ( = L. omphalodes B. & C., not Fr. )
Larger ; pileus 2-3 cm.; lamellae serrate. L. Americanus Ph.
. Pileus ochraceous ; stipe dark brown. L. Michneri B. & C. Pileus alutaceous-fuscous ; stipe pallid. L. detonsus Fr.
* Continued from page 38.
59
Section CORNUCOPIOIDES
. Stipe glabrous. oy Stipe not glabrous. 5: . Pileus pallid. 3). Pileus ochraceous, 6-10 cm.; lamellae fulvous. L. patulus Lévy. Pileus dark brown. 4. . Pileus membranous, flaccid. L. flaccidus Fr. Pileus fleshy-coriaceous, rigid. L. glabratus Mont. . Stipe striate; pileus 5 cm. L. fuligineus B. & C. Stipe smooth ; pileus 7-8 cm., papery. L. exilis Klotzsch . Cespitose. 6. Not cespitose. We . Small; pileus 2-3 cm.; stipe lanuginose. L. parvulus B. & C. Larger; pileus 7-10 cm.; stipe scaly. L. pallidus B. & C. . Pileus deeply infundibuliform or tubular. L. Robinsoniz Mont. Pileus convex or plane. 8.
. Stipe straight, longer than the diameter of the pileus. L. Mancinianus Sacc. & Cub.
Stipe curved, shorter than the diameter of the pileus. 9. . Lamellae separating from the stipe when dry. L. Cubensis B. & C. Lamellae not separating from the stipe. L. proximus B. & C.
Sections PLEUROTI AND RESUPINATI
. Pileus dimidiate. 2, Pileus resupinate. 9.
. Pileus strigose, velvety or scaly. 3. Pileus glabrous. 5.
. Pileus thin, membranous, strigose, fusco-cervinous. L. pelliculosus (Schw.) Fr. 'Pileus thin, flabelliform, farinaceous-tomentose, white. L. Verae-Crucis Berk. Pileus soft, fleshy. 4.
. Pileus corrugated ; spores 1.5-2 pu. L. vulpinus Fr. Pileus even; spores 4 4, rough. L. ursinus Fr.
. Pileus white or whitish. 6. Pileus reddish or brownish. 8.
. Pileus membranous; lamellae closely crowded. L. pectinatus (Schw.) Fr. Pileus fleshy. ic
. Pileus very large and thick (15 cm.) ; odor none. L. Chama (Bosc) Fr. Pileus smaller, thin ; odor of AZe/Zotus on drying. L. suavissimus Fr.
. Pileus and lamellae reddish ; pileus glabrous, subrugose. L. castoreus Fy.
Pileus and lamellae reddish ; pileus glabrate, thinner. Z. castoreus pusillus B. & C. Pileus pale fuscous ; lamellae paler. L. castoreus hirneoloides B. & C.
. Pileus villous, cervinous, very thin; lamellae pallid. Z. ¢enzzsstmus (Schw.) Fr. Pileus glabrous ; lamellae white. L. proboscideus Fr.
60
EXCLUDED SPECIES
Lentinus caespitosus Berk. Hook. Lond. Jour. 6: 317. 1847. This seems to be a Clitocybe, probably the same as Chtocybe
monodelpha More.
Lentinus verrucosus (Kickx) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 613. 1887. This is a Lenzztes ; see Bull. Acad. Sct. Seam? 2735 tase ;
also, Sacc. Syll. Fung. g: 78. 1891.
NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN.
EXPLOSIVE DISCHARGE OF ANTHEROZGOIDS IN CONOCEPHALUM
By Cyrus A. Kine
In June, 1902, Dr. George J. Peirce published in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club some observations on the forcible discharge of the antherozoids of Asterella Californica.
He made the discovery in January, 1901, but in January, 1902, the subject was studied in more detail. He found that antherozoids were forcibly ejected under natural conditions as well as in the laboratory, and that in some cases they were thrown to a vertical height of 14-20 cm. The expulsion was found to be due to the increased turgidity of certain cells within the antheridium and of others in the cushion below it. The mutual pressure due to the increased turgidity in both regions produced the rupture above, where there was no external pressure on the antheridum.
F. Cavers (Annals of Botany, January, 1903) has noticed the expulsion of antherozoids also from Coxocephalum conicum (Fega- tella conica). His observations were made first in the laboratory and were confirmed later under natural conditions. He found that the antherozoids were thrown to a height of more than two inches and that the explosions were most frequent on moist, sunny days and when exposed to direct sunlight.
In March, 1901, the writer also observed the forcible expul- sion of antherozoids from Conocephalum conicum. The material was growing in an experiment room at Indiana University and
61
was so situated that it was exposed only to the morning sun. (The room was thoroughly sprayed from a hydrant both morning andevening.) The explosions occurred after four in the afternoon and immediately followed a spraying of the plants. Within one to three minutes the plants looked as if smoke was coming from them. This was so conspicuous as to be noticed from any part of the room. A closer view showed that the smoke-like sub- stance was coming in little puffs from the surface of the liver- worts, not unlike a tiny battery. The material seemed most abundant from two to four inches above the plants. The writer and Professor Mottier both held slides over the plants and caught the spermatozoids in great numbers. The conspicuous discharges lasted only about five minutes and in four or five minutes more none could be noticed.
The above observations seem to indicate that mozsture alone may be the inciting cause of the explosion in Conocephalum con- 1cum.
DEWITT CLINTON HicH ScHOOL, NEW York City, March 16, 1¢03.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 1903
The Club met at the usual hour at the New York Botanical Garden, with President Brown in the chair. There were 30 persons present.
The resignation of Professor H. F. Osborn, of New York City, was accepted.
The president announced the following standing committees LOL 103 :
Committee on Fiance +E. Hi. Rusby, Jo 1 Kane,.C. FE. Cox,
Committee on Admissions: Cornelius Van Brunt, Delia W. Marble, J. K. Small.
Committee on Local Flora: Phanerogamia—N. L. Britton, E. P. Bicknell, H. H. Rusby, Fanny A. Mulford. Cryptogamia — L. M. Underwood, M. A. Howe, Elizabeth G. Britton.
62
Committee on Program: N. L. Britton, M. A. Howe, L. M. Underwood.
The membership of the Field Committee will be announced later. ;
The first paper on the scientific program was by Dr. Hollick on “Fossil Figs, with Description of a new Species from the Dakota Group of Kansas.’”’ In the author’s absence, it was read by Dr. Howe. The paper is published in full in the February number of the Bulletin.
The second paper was by Mrs. Alice R. Northrop on “ The Flora of Nashawena Island, Massachusetts.”
This is one of the Elizabeth Islands lying southwest of Woods Holl. It is about three miles long by one mile wide. It is owned privately and was formerly largely in cultivation, but is now used as a sheep pasture, and is much grown up with bushy thickets. The soil is glacial drift, being part of a terminal moraine, like Martha’s Vineyard, Nantucket, etc. The surface is quite uneven, with many knobs and undulations and with numerous small ponds in the depressions. The south shore is steep and abrupt, rising to an elevation of 70 to 80 feet and grad- ually sloping to the northward. The greatest elevation at any point is 120 feet.
The forest areas are confined to the depressions. The tops of the trees are much flattened owing to the strong winds, and none of them reaches above the level of the protecting hills. Thelargest trees are not over 30 feet high and 12-15 inches in diameter. While the trees are stunted, the shrubs and bushes growing in their shelter are often unusually large and vigorous.
The plant-covering of the island can be conveniently classed in four groups. First, the halophytes along the shore. Second, the hydrophytes occupying the numerous ponds and marshy places. Third, the forest areas, and fourth, the plants of the open downs. |
The halophytes include the usual beach plants of the region. Two of special interest were a 7eucrium and a Plantago, both of which have been recently described as new by Mr. Bicknell.
The hydrophytic vegetation of the ponds and their border was
63
very rich and included a large number of species, but none that was particularly noteworthy.
The prevailing trees of the forest areas are red maple and the black oak, Quercus velutina. O.alba, QO. Marylandica, beech, sour gum (/Vyssa), sassafras and holly (//er opaca) also occur. The more abundant shrubs are pepper bush, button bush, Avzelanchier, Kalmia angustifolia, Vaccinium corymbosum, sweet gale, choke cherry, etc. Smilax rotundifolia is very abundant. Orchids ‘were abundant, as many as ten species being found. On the drier hills, Gaylussacia restnosa was abundant, but it produces little fruit owing to the attack of a fungus, Axvobasidium. In the swamps, Osmunda cinnamomea, Woodwardia areolata and W. Virginica were very abundant and luxuriant.
In all, 335 species of flowering plants were collected on the island, without including all of the grasses and sedges.
After an interesting discussion the Club adjourned.
1B, Se EARL.
Recording Secretary.
WeEpneEspay, March 10, 1903
Mihie7Elubymetvatethe College sof Pharmacy at Sees) roe fessor Lloyd in the chair; 22 persons present.
The first paper on the scientific program was by Miss Rosina J. Rennert, under the title of ‘‘ Notes on the Anatomy and Phys- iology of Oxypolis filiformis.”’
This investigation was carried on under the direction of Dr. MacDougal, of the New York Botanical Garden. Oxypolis fih- formis is an umbellifer growing on the margins of ponds and swamps in southern United States and in Europe. Its leaves are reduced to awl-shaped septate phyllodes, giving the plant a rush-like appearance. Ina paper on septate leaves in dicoty- ledons, Briquet describes the anatomy of the phyllode minutely. He found six tissues in the leaf, epidermis, hypoderm, chloren- chyma, fibro-vascular bundles, endoderm, and a loose stellate- celled tissue occupying the central core. He regards some of these characters as strongly hydrophytic and others as xero- phytic and explains the possession of characters suited to such
64
opposed conditions as an adaptation to the changes obtaining in the swamp habitat. In the early spring and summer moist. con- ditions prevail. In the late summer and fall, the swamps pre- sent conditions conducive to transpiration and thus the xero- phytic features of the plant come into play.
Plants from Georgia in the herbarium of the New York Bo- tanical Garden were found to possess in all cases minute depres- sions or pits along the phyllode. Beneath the floor of the pit is a smaller-celled compact secretory tissue containing resin and serving as a resin gland.
By submerging some plants and growing others in a saturated atmosphere, a marked change in the phyllodes produced after the change in the conditions was inaugurated became evident. _ The phyllodes were hollow, absolutely terete, and exhibited no trace of resin glands. Microscopic examination revealed an entire absence of cuticle, hypoderm, secretory tissue and central stellate tissue, a reduction of the number of stomata, of the xylem in the bundles, of the chlorenchyma, and of the endoderm. These changes are such as tend toward a suppression of xero- phytic features or serve as means of adaptation to moist conditions and therefore hydrophytic in their nature. The xerophytic nature of the normal form is so plainly indicated by the thick cuticle, the hypoderm and the possession of resin glands, that it seems reasonable to supersede Briquet’s explanation of the struc- ture of the plant by one less cumbersome. This is, that in the modified plant we see the hydrophytic form but that normally Oxypolis filiformis is never a hydrophyte but rather a swamp xerophyte.
The paper was discussed by Dr. MacDougal, Dr. Barnhart and Professor Lloyd, Dr. MacDougal remarking upon Oxypolis jfiliformis as a fine example of plasticity in plants.
The second paper was by Mr. Edward W. Berry and was en- titled, ‘‘ Notes on the Matawan Formation and its Flora.”
The Matawan formation was briefly characterized and its areal and vertical range discussed. It consists of clays and sands closely related to those of the Raritan formation, and extends from Raritan Bay in Monmouth County, New Jersey, southwest-
65
erly to the Potomac River, becoming gradually narrower and thinner to the southward. The formation is of mid-Cretaceous age and marks the transition period from the underlying fresh- water Raritan deposits to those of the overlying marine Mon- mouth formation. The only locality where plant remains have been found is on Raritan Bay near Keyport, where the formation makes a bluff some thirty feet high, fronting on the bay. Mr. Berry enumerated sixty-seven species of plants from this locality, which is commonly known as Cliffwood. The plants occur in the clay and furnish most beautiful, but evanescent specimens. New species were obtained in Arisaema, Carpolithus, Aratha, Quercus, Stercula, Celastrophyllum, Salix, Eucalyptus and Ne- lumbo. These will shortly be published in the Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. The flora is very closely related | to that of the Raritan formation, and a marked feature is the en- tire absence of ferns, remains of which have not as yet been found, although they form over five per cent. in the underlying Raritan. Remarkable remains are those of A/loriconia cyclotoron D. & E., a widespread and beautiful member of the Cupressineae. The Matawan specimens of this differ in being about twice the size of any forms heretofore discovered. Among the most abundant remains are scales supposedly related to the Araucarian genus Dammara, and twigs and cones of Seguoia. Twigs of Cunning- hamites are also abundant.
The flora shows a rather striking resemblance to that from the Atane beds of Greenland, the large-leaved Aralia Ravniana Heer from that formation reappearing in considerable numbers. Other points of resemblance are identical species of Seguoza, Sapindus, Laurus, Andromeda, Moriconia, Araha, Magnoha, Dewalquea, etc. This Matawan flora is the latest known Cretaceous flora of the Atlantic coastal plain, all the overlying formations being marine. The paper was illustrated with drawings, photographs of the plant beds, and specimens.
Professor Lloyd called the attention of the Club to a simple form of auxanometer, consisting of a vertical lever, carrying the record, moved once an hour and so marking off equal intervals of growth, the movement being accomplished by an arm carried
66
on the minute-hand spindle of a cheap clock. This method ob- viates the use of a cylinder, which is difficult to arrange. Adjournment followed. MarsHaLL A. Howe, Secretary pro tem.
NEWS ITEMS
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton returned to New York on April 3 from a collecting expedition to Cuba. Most of their three weeks on the island was spent in the vicinity of Matanzas.
The Connecticut Botanical Society's committee on the lower cryptogams has been constituted as follows: Lryophyta : Profes- sor A. W. Evans, New Haven; Algae; Mr. Isaac Holden, Bridgeport ; Fungz: Dr. G. P. Clinton, New Haven.
We learn from Sczence that Dr. Frederick DeForest Heald, now professor of biology in Parsons College, Iowa, has been elected adjunct professor of plant physiology and general bac- teriology in the University of Nebraska.
Professors Volney M. Spalding, of the University of Michi- gan, and W. A. Setchell, of the University of California, have been granted a year’s leave of absence by their respective insti- tutions, and will devote this time largely to travels and botanical investigations in Europe.
Professor F. S. Earle, of the New York Botanical Garden, re- turned on April 2 from Cuba, where, in company with Professor L. M. Underwood and Mr. E. W. D. Holway, he has been mak- ing collections of fungi in the neighborhood of Santiago and Baracoa. Professor Underwood has returned to Jamaica to con- tinue the explorations begun by him there in January.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN a
A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 29, published in 1902, contained 725 pages of text and 26 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.
Of former volumes, only 1-6 and I9—-29 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur- nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-29 (1882-1902) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28 and 209, three dollars each.
Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes.
(2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I—-II are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application.
(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.
Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY
Vol. 3 May, 1903 No. 5
TORREYA
A Monruty Journat or Botanicat Notes anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL. CLUB
BY
She (a) MARSHALL AVERY: HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
Notes on the Strand Flora of Great Inagua, Haiti and Jamaica: Joun W.
BTPARSTHBEIR GIRS soo idee oon on Ca wa hie GONG FOUR Gee eae EEN Ns Maas Sas ede TetSae alias 4c Ooo boeReeeee 67 Observations.on Etiolation : ‘CARLTON.-Co CURTIS 2. csiishcdssccaebeanscnie vesasesarenevccecs 7O Shorter Notes:
A triple Samara in Acer rubrum: EDWARD W. BERRY....0..000.00.cccees eee ceenen ees 73 Reviews:
Two new elementary botanical Text-Books: Francis E. Luoyp.).............., 74 Proceedings of the Club: MARSHALL A. Hows, EUGENE SMITH...............020 220055 77 IVEWISHALOIIS cps ecureaan cc cade ree miata mne Gib na Muhwanas clap eds cte-orels «Mapmeccunscetusus waltina 81
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At Nortu Queen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. sy THe New Era Printinc Company
- THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR a oe
HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents,
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, F. S. EARLE, A.M. JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University.
Associate Editors,
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MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL.
TorREyA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE -
New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City
Wool. 3 No. 5
TORRE yA
May, 1903
NOTES ON Dik, STRAND, FLORA OF GREAT INAGUA, HAITI AND JAMAICA
By JoHN W. HARSHBERGER
Great Inagua lies in latitude 21° north and between longitude 73° and 74° west, and is the most southerly of the Bahama Islands. It is forty-five miles in length and from seven to seven- teen miles in breadth. Two sandy bays on the leeward, or west- ern side of the island afford safe anchorage for all kinds of steam and sailing vessels. Man-of-war Bay is the northern one, while Matthewtown is situated on the southern one, and is the entrepot of the island. The anchorage is some distance from the shore and affords about five fathoms of water. The shores of the southern bay are rocky, with scattered sandy beaches formed by. the ground-up coral rock. The rock is of aeolian formation, similar to that found in other Bahama islands.* Along the edge of the sea the surface erosion of the rocky strand is most striking and characteristic. The rocks are honeycombed with holes, pits and cavities of all sizes, locally known as “‘ banana holes.” The following plants were noted on the strand during the call of the steamer Belvernon at Matthewtown on July 1, 1901. Growing in small rock pockets influenced by the salt spray, Portulaca oleracea L. var. parvifolia was gathered. Forming a second line of plants, the seaside grape, Coccoloba uvifera L., Tournefortia gnaphalodes R. Br.. Bucida Buceras L., Rhachicallis rupestris, DC. may be said to be character plants.+ Together, these species
* Northrop, Alice R., Flora of New Providence and Andros. Mem. Torrey Club, 12: 2. 1902. + The writer owes the determination of his West Indian collection of plants to Dr. I. Urban, of the Berlin Botanic Garden, to whom his thanks are due. [Vol. 3, No. 4, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 49-66, was issued April 18, 1903. ] 67
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occupy the treeless sea strand formation and form the Portulaca- Coccoloba association, speaking ecologically.
The thicket formation on the strand consists of the associa- tion of Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L., with cladodes six inches long, three quarters of an inch wide, Acacia Farnesiana Willd., Tournefortia volubilis L., Xylosma buxifolium A. Gray, Opuntia sp. and Urechites suberecta Muell. Arg., a climbing plant which grows over the bushes composing the thicket.
The sidewalks of the main street of Matthewtown are planted with Casuarina eguisetifolia Forst., which reaches a height of about thirty feet and affords a scanty shade from the sun-glare. The flamboyant tree, Potnciana regia Bojer, also occurs here and there along the streets, while as ruderal plants the writer picked up Abutilon Indicum Don, Stachytarpheta Jamaicensis Vahl and Cassia sericea Sw. Growing in the somewhat neglected gar- dens, the botanist notes Cordia Sebestena L., the anaconda tree of the negroes, Thespesia populnea Soland., Lawsonia terms L., Cocos nucifera L., Agave sp., Carica Papaya L. and Eucalyptus Globulus Lab.
The north coast of Haiti is about sixty miles from Great Inagua across the Windward Passage. Cape Haitien is the most important city on the north coast and lies in a beautiful bay open to windward and protected by a long coral reef upon which in December, 1492, one of the caravels of Columbus was wrecked. The town is surrounded by mountains two thousand feet high, while farther inland, mountains eight thousand feet in elevation are encountered. One of the most favorable localities for botan- izing is in a valley back of the town through which a limpid stream of water flows. The following plants were noted there as herbs or woody species along the roadside, viz., Palicourea Pavetta DC., Salvia micrantha Vahl, Lepidium Virginicum L., Leonurus Sibiricus L., Sida acuta Burm., Hamelia patens Jacq., Tephrosia purpurea Pers., Spermacoce laevis Lam., Achyranthes aspera L. var. obtusifolia Lam., Centrosema Virginianum Benth., Rauwolfia canescens L., Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq., Hibiscus Boryanus DC., Hibiscus vitifolius L., Vinca rosea L., Parthenium Hysterophorus L. and the cosmopolitan Argemone Mexicana L.
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Climbing over the herbs and other plants, Plimbago scandens L. forms an element in the roadside vegetation.
The plants of the highways leading into Port-au-Prince, the capital of Haiti, differ materially from those collected along the roads on the north coast. The following plants were found along the southwestern suburban roads, viz., Cordia serrata(L.) Girke., Commelina Virginica L., Echites umbellata Jacq., Echites Neriandra Griseb., Wedelia Ehrenbergu Schlecht., Scda acuta Burm., Parthe- nium Fysterophorus L., Spermacoce laevis Lam., Barleria lupulina Lindl., Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq., Bouchea Ehrenbergu Cham., Leucaena glauca Benth., Cassia sericeaSw., Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. Momordica Charantia L, is the only climbing plant gathered and it is extremely common, growing over other plants and the fences. Higher up on the hillsides along the bridle-paths, Acacia macracantha H. & B. and Bauhinia variegata L. occur in the thickets.
The plants found by the writer in the streets of Aux Cayes on the south coast of Haiti are worthy of mention in connection with the enumeration of the above wayside species. Aux Cayes lies on a restricted, low-lying coastal plain and during heavy rains the streets are flooded with water. Argemone Mexicana L. and Lantana Camara L. are common weeds. Cleome spinosa Jacq., var. pungens Willd., Cassta occidentalis L., Solanum mam- mosum \.., and Malachra sp. are typical ruderal plants. The old moss-grown walls of deserted buildings are covered with patches of a small herb, Pilea microphylla Liebm., while growing in the marshes near the principal wharf, the white mangrove, Laguncu- laria racemosa Gaertn. and a sedge, Fimbristylis ferruginea Vahl, are the principal character plants.
The harbor of Port Antonio, Jamaica, is entered by two chan- nels separated from each other by Navy Island and its outlying coral reefs. The western channel is passable only to small sail- ing craft, while the eastern channel between Navy Island anda tongue of the mainland is navigable by the largest ocean-going steamers. Navy Island is used to pasture cattle upon, and hence it is grass-grown with only a few trees upon it and these grow near the shore line. Lagwncularia racemosa Gaertn., the almond
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tree, (Zerminaha Catappa L.), Cocos nucifera L. and Anona mur- zcata \.. were the arborescent species collected by the writer on this island. J/pomoea Pes-caprae Sw. is the character plant of the low beaches, while Lantana trifolia L., Solanum torvum Sw.., Solanum Jamaicense Mill., Bidens leucantha Willd., and Wedela carnosa Pers. are species that have withstood destruction from cattle. The marshy places of the island support Mariscus rufus H.B.K. and a sedge, Fimbrisiylis spadicea Vahl.
Located at the extremity of the peninsula of land between the east and the west harbors is: an old abandoned fort. The rocks immediately in front of the grass-grown sward about the fort are honeycombed by the waves. On these rocks projecting over the sea and in storms wet by the spray that is tossed up from beneath, a few plants seem to thrive, viz., Wedelia carnosa Pers., Coccoloba uvifera L., Ruellia tuberosa L., Crotalaria incana L. and Plumeria sp. Hanging over the rocks and lying pros- trate on the ground, Borrichia arborescens (L.) DC. completes the list of observed strand plants.
Little has been done on a comparative study of the floras of the several Bahama islands and that of the Greater Antilles. Our knowledge as yet is very fragmentary and this article is presented as in part a contribution to a comparative study of the flora of the West Indies.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
OBSERVATIONS ON ETIOLATION By CARLTON C. CuRTIS
The position recently taken by Dr. MacDougal * as to the action of light upon growth must find ample support from the results obtained in every laboratory. I doubt not that it is a common experience that better illustrations of etiolation are ob- tained under feeble illumination than in darkness. It has always been a source of surprise to me to note the amount of light that
* Influence of Light and Darkness on Growth and Development. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Garden, 2:—. 1903.
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many plants can endure and still show the familiar characters of so-called etiolated forms. Plants grown in dark chambers to which a meager amount of feeble diffuse light is admitted show, in. my experience, more marked “etiolated” characters than when grown in the dark room. While there is a wide difference in the response of plants to varying intensities of light, in a gen- eral way it may be stated that nearly all will endure a surprising amount of illumination without receiving a sufficient stimulation to enable them to accomplish the morphological differentiation that is associated with light. . The potato vine furnishes one of the best examples that I recall of the amount of light that a plant can endure without loss of etiolated characters. This difference in behavior of plants in feeble light and in darkness amounts to a demonstration of the non-paratonic action of light upon many plants at least. When growth occurs in absolute darkness the environment is so unfavorable that pathological conditions soon arise, or the vital processes are carried on under such abnormal conditions that it often appears impossible to interpret the reac- tions or explain them as due to any particular cause. The con- siderable variation that is often to be seen in a series of any species of plant is doubtless an illustration of this fact. The entire vita] mechanism of the plant is out of order through lack of the normal controlling and directive impulses. Under such circumstances a factor of little moment or unmeasurable in its in- fluence may now become a controlling force in producing a cer- tain development. I have often had occasion to note the marked influence that a slight increase in the humidity has upon growth. Shoots of potatoes produced a more rapid and pronounced elon- ‘ gation when covered than was the case with stems growing be- side them, though both were at first in an atmosphere containing 50 per cent. of moisture. Without doubt this reaction is largely attributable to the amount of moisture furnished to the reserve food in the tuber. In the same way tubers and bulbs usually develop more vigorous growths when planted than when laid upon moist sand or sphagnum. This is true even when they are covered with cans that ensure a high percentage of moisture to the plant. It is possible that the manner of presentation as well
as the amount of moisture may be a factor in the results obtained. These instances are mentioned as illustrations of the fact that in etiolation phenomena we are dealing with a growth in which the propelling forces are so weak and so simplified, compara- tively speaking, that asa result the slightest cause may lead to marked deviations. This may explain the variations that were noticed in a series of etiolated seedlings of Quercus velutina. In one experiment a few of the plants showed a second growth, that might be interpreted as adaptive, although the majority perished before or after the usual number of scales and leaves were devel- oped. In another case several plants showed a continued growth without any interruption, and finally developed the same number of leaves as were found upon the plants that exhibited the re- newal of growth. They developed, however, a greater length of stem, and the leaves were not clustered as in the first case, but were separated by fairly regular intervals. In the second ex- periment, the plants were germinated in feeble light, but were re- moved to the dark room as soon as the first shoots appeared above the soil and before there was any appearance of chloro- phyll. It is very possible that the presence of enzymes and the availability of foods made possible by the conditions of germina- tion may account for the difference of growth.
In the same way other reactions of plants in darkness may pos- sibly be explained. For example, I have noticed the twining habit of several plants, as recorded by Noll. The sweet potato grows remarkably well in the dark and the etiolated stems begin to twine when they have attained a length of a meter or more. This phenomenon is also strongly marked in young shoots of Falcata comosa—a plant that is especially suitable to experi- mentation since it reaches a normal development in the laboratory where the light is often not of the best and shows striking con- trasts with the etiolated plants. However, it should be re- marked that these plants were exposed to an occasional illumi- nation of the electric light for purposes of examination and watering. Several plants of /a/cata that were grown this spring under a can in the dark room and not exposed to light were found, when finally examined, to have developed shoots that
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were not only decidedly more attenuated than those of the con- trol plants and without any indication of curvature, but the stems had not the thickness of those uncovered plants that were grown beside them. While this experiment is not offered as an example of the loss of irritability, since the facts are too meager to warrant such a conclusion, it does show in connection with others that need not be mentioned, that occasional artificial illumination may have a pronounced influence upon the growth of etiolated plants. So it would appear that we must materially alter our conceptions, in many cases, at least, of the term etiolation if we mean by it the development that is possible in total darkness. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.
SHORE Ro INOS
A TRIPLE SAMARA IN ACER RUBRUM. — The double samara of the maples is an almost constant feature, although in Acer sac- charinum \.. only one samara usually matures, which is doubtless an aid to their better flight.
The occurrence of a perfect mature triple samara in Acer rubrum L. seems worth recording. (The figure shown herewith is three quarters natural size.) A three- celled, three-lobed ovary is reversionary, and harks back to the days when the an- cestral maples had a three or more celled ovary, and probably two ovules in each cell as they sometimes do now, condi- tions which usually obtain in the order Sapindales. There seems to have been a progressive reduction in these parts throughout the order, which is still going on, the bulk of the Sapindales being inconstant in these features. This reduction effects a great saving in vital energies and material. It may not be amiss to take a glance at what we
know about Acer history. Acer is essentially a Tertiary and modern genus, although a number of unmistakable samaras have been found in the Raritan
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clays of New Jersey, besides a number of leaves in parallel hori- zons elsewhere. Fontaine even describes a leaf under the name Aceriphyllum from the Potomac formation of Virginia, the affinity of which, however, is doubtful. The very abundantly preserved flora of the Dakota group contains no true species of Acer, although two species referred to Acerites have been described. Likewise the abundant flora of the Atane schists of Greenland contains no maples and the Cenomanian of Europe but one species, which is often considered doubtful, so that we may look upon the maples as a dawning type in the Cretaceous days that had long since seen the oak and tulip-tree, magnolia and_ holly, willow and poplar, sassafras and sycamore.
Epwarp W. BERRY. Passaic, N. J., March 12, 1903.
REVIEWS
Two new elementary botanical Text-Books
Certainly the teachers of elementary botany cannot complain of the lack of text-books, nor on the whole, may the complaint be extended to their quality. And it is significant that the field covered by recently published works is common, and corresponds closely to the specifications published under the authority of the Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology, and accepted by the Examination Board of the Middle States and Maryland.
Two of the more recently published of these text-books are the “Introduction to Botany’ by W. C. Stevens * and ‘‘ Botany all the Year Round”’ by E. F. Andrews.f They are similar in scope and as no serious unfavorable criticism may be offered in regard to either, it is my chief purpose to point out the contrasts of treatment.
In the “ Introduction to Botany”’ the approach to the subject is through the study of seeds and seedlings, a method in very general acceptance. The disadvantage of doing in this way becomes apparent in the study of the ‘“ grain” of Indian corn,
* Pp. v-+ 436+ 127 (Flora). Boston, D. C. Heath, 1902. t Pp. 302. New York, American Book Company, 1903.
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which is rather unsatisfactory, since by beginners it is easily mis- taken fora seed. For this reason I have elsewhere advocated the use of other fruits together with their seeds. Some good physiological work on respiration and on food and its use, is introduced. The experiment on the responses of roots to the gravitational stimulus appears to be defective, the directions call- ing for the ‘“hour-hand spindle, hours — far too long a period, and much greater than the reaction
”)
which revolves once in twelve
time of the tap-root of the seeds used. Even the minute-hand spindle moves too slowly for good results. Ecological matters are then taken up. A similar plan is adopted for roots, buds, stems and leaves, and, while a fair amount of physiological work is called for, and many good points are brought in, the educa- tional value of the whole is chiefly informational. There is not quite enough stress laid upon independent thought by the pupil, the text for the most part working out the problems. A chapter on ‘Growth and Movement’’ follows, which, though in many ways very good, is rather too difficult and technical for the average highschool pupil. Sachs’ experiment on hydrotropism, it may be said, is not the best in method that has been devised. The most striking part of the book is that concerned with the
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“flower,” and a distinctly pleasant flavor is given to it by the reference to Sprengel’s work, and by the good illustrations. The matter of historical allusion has, I believe, been entirely too much overlooked in elementary work. Stevens, and earlier, Bailey, in. his ‘‘ Lessons with Plants” (pp. 427 ef seq.), have therefore done a service in using it. The introduction, too, of a critical study of insects in their relations to flowers, gives the sub- ject a far more scientific trend than is usual. The following part of the book treats of types of all the leading groups of plants, and with general adaptation, and does not call for special mention. The chapter on “ Plants of Past Ages” is brief, but good, and leads one to believe that the discussion might profitably be more prolonged and further illustrated.
The illustrations are evenly new and good — with isolated ex- ceptions of no great moment —and the successful use of well- chosen photomicrographs —as e¢. g. of starch grains on pp. 20
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and 21 —and of photographs, and this, too, without compelling the user of the book to carry around a heavy mass of clay-filled paper, is to be commended. The use of simple diagrams deserves similar praise. A flora completes the volume. Some chapters devoted to equipment and methods increase its usefulness.
In “ Botany all the Year Round”’ the leaf is the starting point, the author finding that this is the most convenient on account of the availability of material, and because the leaf is so ‘“‘ important and fundamental” a part of the plant as to justify its use in this way. Fruits, seeds and seedlings, roots and underground stems, stems “ proper,’’ buds and branches, and the flower are taken up inthe order named. The chief features of note are the practical questions and suggestions for field work which are so planned as to call for vigorous thought on the part of the stu- dent, and at the same time he will often gain thereby much use- ful information for practical living, as well as mental discipline. That the questions are sometimes unfortunate in their wording is a criticism which every teacher who has attempted to embody his method in writing will be loath to press. Aside from this, these questions and suggestions alone justify the book, and will make it a stimulating guide to study. The parts of the book on ecology and types —the latter especially — are too brief for the comfort of many teachers of elementary botany in the high school. The studies of types are a bit too desultory —at least such is the impression one gets —but withal there is relatively a consider- able amount of effort by the pupil called for. The illustrations are for the chief part simple but good, some being the work of high school students. The whole represents the idea of a good, vigorous teacher. The book is thin and light, the paper excep- tionally good and press work excellent. Indeed, the two books here briefly, and perhaps superficially, reviewed, are a demon- stration that many publishers have missed the mark by a wide flight in making use of heavily calendered, stiff and badly odorous Francis FE. Lioyp.
papers.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 25, 1903
The meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden ; Dr. MacDougal in the chair; thirteen persons present.
The first paper of the announced program was by Mr. Harper, who discussed ‘‘Some Pines of the southeastern United States.” In July, 1902, Mr. Harper spent a day at Ocilla, Georgia, where Dr. C. H. Herty of the Bureau of Forestry is carrying on investi- gations relating to the turpentine industry. An effort to deter- mine the several forms of turpentine pines recognized by those engaged in this work led Mr. Harper to attempt a somewhat critical study of the diagnostic characters and distribution of the southern pines.
The best known of the turpentine trees is the long-leaf pine, Pinus palustris Miller (P. australis Michx.). This ranges from Virginia to Florida and Texas. In Georgia it is found on nearly every square mile of the coastal plain and extends some distance into the metamorphic region. It occurs on dry sandy soil, never being found in swamps, in spite of its specificname. It is readily distinguished by its long leaves and large cones.
The slash pine, another species used by the turpentine workers, is certainly the P:xus Elhottt Engelm., but probably not P. Cubensis Griseb. or P. heterophylla (Ell.) Sudw., two older names which have been associated with it. The species ranges from South Carolina to Mississippi, mostly near the coast, but extending 125 miles inland in Georgia. In contrast with Pyxus palustris, the typical form is always found in moist situations, commonly in swamps, with Yaxrodium. It has much the same habit as 2. palustris, but is distinguished by its shorter leaves, smaller, un- armed cones, and especially by its bark. The bark is difficult to describe but is very characteristic and when once known affords the best means of distinguishing the tree at a glance, as may often be done from a car window.
The so-called old-field slash pine occurs as second growth on dry soils in the coastal plain. It has not the characteristic form
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or bark of Pyxus Eliotti but its leaves and cones have the same characters and it is probably the same species. Some authors state that Pimus Elhotti is replacing P. palustris wherever the latter is cut away, but this does not seem to be the case to any appreciable extent in Georgia, where P. palustris reproduces itself freely.
Pinus heterophylla was originally described very briefly by Elliott as Pinas Taeda var. heterophylla. It is improbable that Elliott would have considered the slash pine, had he really known it, as a variety of Pinus Taeda. There is, however, a pine growing along the coast of Georgia, in situations like that described by Elliott for his variety heterophylla, which has much the appearance of Pinus Taeda, though probably entitled to specific distinction.
A pine which is sometimes chipped for turpentine, but fails to yield any, is Pexus serotina Michx., a comparatively little-known species. This ranges from North Carolina to Florida, occurring in sandy swamps. In Georgia, it is widely but sparsely distrib- uted over the coastal plain, extending inland to within a few miles of the fall-line. Its cones are quite characteristic and re- main on the tree for years, whence its name. It can be distin- guished at a glance by its habit of sending out short branches all along the trunk, probably from adventitious buds.
Mr. Harper’s paper was illustrated by photographs and speci- mens.
The second paper was by Dr. W. A. Murrill and was entitled “Remarks on some Generic Types among the Polyporaceae.” Dr. Murrill gave a résumé of the treatment of the genus Polyporus and the family Polyporaceae by Micheli, Dillenius, Linnaeus, Adanson, Haller, Scopoli, Paulet, Palisot de Beauvois, Pollini, Fries, Gillet, Karsten, and others, discussing the historical types of Polyporus, Agaricus, Favolus, Hexagona, Cyclomyces, Lenzites, Glocophyllum, Fomes, Ganoderma, Elfvingia, Cryptoporus, and Pyropolyporus. Some of the more striking characters of the © ' genera were illustrated in an artificial key. The results of Dr. Murrill’s studies among the Polyporaceae have recently been or soon will be published in the 4u//etin of the Torrey Botanical
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Club. The paper was illustrated by numerous specimens, some of which were obtained by Dr. Murrill in Sweden on the collect- ing grounds of Professor Elias Fries.
Mr. Nash exhibited two living plants from the conservatories, one a Rhododendron of a peculiar type, from Japan, known as Rhododendron linearifolium, the other an Afamosco, of an unde- termined species, from the Bahamas,
Dr. MacDougal announced that the Desert Botanical Labora- tory of the Carnegie Institution is to be located ona hill near Tucson, Arizona, at a point having an elevation of about 3,100 feet above the sea. Photographs of the locality were shown.
MarsHALL A. Howe, Secretary pro tem.
TUESDAY, APRIL 14, 1903
The meeting was held at the College of Pharmacy; Rev. J. Henry Watson in the chair; nine presons present.
The paper of the evening was presented by Rev. L. H. Light- hipe. It was entitled ‘‘The Flora of the Pine-Barrens of New Jersey,” and was illustrated by a large number of specimens.
The subject was introduced by a sketch of the pine-barren region which extends along the Atlantic coast immediately be- hind the coastal zone and is limited at the northwest by the Triassic formation, thus covering the Cretaceous and later geo- logical formations.
The plants most characteristic of the region of pine-barrens were enumerated with reference to their general as well as local distribution. The ferns most common are: Preridium aquilinum, Woodwardia Virginica, W. areolata and Onoclea sensibilis. Schi- zaea pusilla has been found only in New Jersey, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Lygodium palmatum is found in New Jersey only in a few places. Lycopodiaceae and Equisetaceae are com- mon members of the flora.
Pinus rigida and Pinus Virginiana are common, while Pizus echinata is less often met with. In the swamps the white cedar, Chamaecyparis thyotdes, is characteristic.
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Large numbers of grasses, many of them of much value in binding together the sand, abound. Azdropogon, Uniola, Tri- odia, Stipa, Aristida, Panicum, Panicularia and Cenchrus are largely represented. Adama, Xerophyllum, Chamaehrium and Chrosperma represent the Melanthaceae. Lelzum superbum, Aletris farinosa and A. aurea are common Liliaceae.
Of the orchids, Cypripedium acaule, Blephariglotis cristata, B. ciliaris, B. blephariglottis, Gymnadentiopsts clavellata, Pogonia ophio- glossoides, P. divaricata, Arethusa bulbosa and Limodorum tuber- osum are usual.
The principal oak trees are Quercus migra, Q. coccinea, OQ. Phellos, O. minor, Q. prinoides, QO. nana and Q. digitata. The “chinquapin,” Castanca pumila, also occurs. The sweet-gum, Liquidambar, is a common tree; in the swamps Magnolia glauca is frequent.
Of the pink family, Arenaria Carolniana is very abundant.
In ponds is found the water lily, Castalia odorata, associated with Brasenta peltata ; also the yellow lotus, Welumbo lutea, prob- ably introduced from the west by the aborigines. In the marshes occur Sarracenia purpurea, Drosera rotundifolha and D. inter- media. Drosera filiformis is a true pine-barren plant.
The saxifrages show no peculiar plants, except /tea Virginica, which is also a pine-barren plant. The rose family here includes two common blackberries, Rubus cuneifolius and R. hispidus, and many wild roses.
The Papilionaceae are largely represented ; among them, Lw- pinus perenms, Trifolium arvense, T. agrarium, T. procumbens, Cracca Virginiana, Mebomia Marylandica, Lespedeza jirta, L. repens, L. angustifolia, Galactia regularis, and species of Phaseolus, Strophostyles, Apios and other genera.
The milkwort species are Polygala lutea, P. cructata, P. brevi- folia, P. incarnata, P. Mariana, P. Nuttallia and P. polygama. Corema Conradiu is found in the central part of the region and this is probably its southernmost abiding place. |
Ilex glabra is the most usual holly tree. <Ascyrum stans is a pine-barren St. John’s-wort, but several other species are found. Flelianthemum Canadense and about five species of Lechea com-
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prise the ordinary plants of the family Cistaceae. Vzola pedata, V. Atlantica, Rhexia Mariana, R. Virginica and R. aristosa are found. Chamaenerion angustifohum covers large spaces, also Ocenothera laciniata.
The Ericaceae have such members as Clethra alnifolia, Azalea nudifiora, A. viscosa, A. glauca, Kaliua angustifolia, Leucothoé, FPrerts, Chamaedaphne, Xolisma ligustrina, Epigaea repens, Den- arium buxifolum and Gaultheria procumbens.
The cranberries and the pyxie moss, Pyxidanthera barbulata, are found in suitable places. The gentians to be noted are Lartonia Virginica and Gentiana Porphyrio, as well as Sabbatia species. In the ponds with other water plants is found Lzmnan- themum lacunosum. <Asclepias species abound. The Labiatae have such distinctive species as Monarda punctata, Salvia lyrata and Scutellaria integrifolia.
Lentibulariaceae are represented by Utricularia cornuta, U. wmjflata, U. purpurea, U. subulata, U. intermedia and U. gibba.
The Compositae are represented by about eight species of Eupatorium, two species of Chrysopsis, Lacinaria graminifolia, Chondrophora, Sclerolepis uniflora, Solidago and Aster, with a half dozen or more species each, and many others.
EUGENE SMITH, Secretary pro tem.
NEWS ITEMS
Professor L. H. Bailey has been appointed director of the College of Agriculture of Cornell University.
Dr. Theodor Holm, of Washington, D. C., is spending a few weeks at the New York Botanical Garden, engaged in systematic studies on the Ranunculaceae.
Miss Anna Murray Vail, the librarian of the New York Botani- cal Garden, sailed for Europe on April 22, for the purpose of securing certain valuable books for the Garden library.
Mi Omi Coole of the Bureau sot Plant industry, Us S: Department of Agriculture, has gone to Costa Rica with the intent of collecting data relative to the culture of bananas, coffee, and other tropical plants of economic importance.
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Dr. Duncan S. Johnson and Mr. Forrest Shreve, of Johns Hopkins University, left Baltimore on April 8 for Jamaica, where they expect to collect materials for special botanical researches. Mr. William R. Maxon, of the U. S. National Herbarium, has recently joined Professor Underwood in Jamaica.
Professor F. S. Earle sailed for Porto Rico on May 9g, com- missioned by the Office of Experiment Stations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, to make some special investigations on diseases of economic plants of the island. He has been | granted a few weeks’ leave of absence for this purpose by the New York Botanical Garden.
Teachers College, Columbia University, has secured control of an adjacent vacant lot, on which a school garden, under the direction of Professor Francis E. Lloyd, has been started. During the summer, a greenhouse, the gift of Mr. George Foster Pea- body, will be erected on this plot.
The editor of TorReEYA sailed from New York on May g for Porto Rico, expecting to devote about two months to making collections and field studies of the marine algae of that island. Contributions intended for publication in ToRREyYA may be ad- dressed in the meantime to Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, ‘N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
The Fourth Annual Meeting and Exhibition of. the Horticul- tural Society of New York will be held at the New York Bo- tanical Garden, Bronx Park, May 13 and 14. The exhibition will. be held in the hall of the Museum Building, and will be open to the public from 1 until 6:30 P. M. on Wednesday, May 13, and from 10 A. M. until 5 P. M. on Thursday, May 14. At 4:25 P. M. on Wednesday, there will be an illustrated address by Mr. John K. L. M. Farquhar on “The Flowers, Fields, and Woods of Japan.”
The program of the spring lectures at the New York Botanical Garden is as follows: April 18, ““A Tour of American Deserts,” by Dr, D. T. MacDougal; April 25, “ The Wesetationmorrme Florida Keys,’ by Dr. M. A. Howe; May 2, “The Framework of Plants,’ by Dr. H. M. Richards; May g, “‘ Illustrations of Some Features of the West Indian Flora,” by Dr. N. L. Britton ; May 16, ‘‘ The Food Supply of Young Plants,” by Professor F. E. Lloyd; May 30, ‘‘ The Color-Variations of Flowers,” by C. C. Curtis ; June 6, ‘‘ The Streams, Lakes and Flowers of the Upper Delaware, and the Story of the Sundew,” by Mr. Cornelius Van Brunt; June 13, ‘‘ Vegetable Foods,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby. The lectures are delivered in the auditorium of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturdays, at 4:30 P. M.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 29, published in 1902, contained 725 pages of text and 26 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. | Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.
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THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY
Vols 3 June, 1903 No. 6
TORREYA
A Monruty JournaL or Botanica Nores anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY: HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1790-1873
2 : ~ CONTENTS
\ - Notes on:-New Mexico Oaks: T. D. A. :COCKERELL. 2.24 05.2. ecec ce dmece ces cowteeeos 83 A Key to the North American Species of Panus: F. S. EarL¥.............0.0.-. 0: 86 A new Arabis from Georgia: ROLAND M. HARPER 2.20.05... cc. secceces see ceeeees cn eeveee 87
A second Illinois Station for Phacelia Covillei Watson: H. A. GLEASON........... 89 - Shorter Notes: ae
Lycopodium cernuum in Georgia: ROLAND M, HaRPER...._..............- et ae go Ainew:Species:of Urera2 INL. BRITT ONG tems cose soe eRe Soon kee ae go Proceedings) of-the: Club» FoS:-Barin, WwW, A. CANNON (iicscccbioes voc bsceel chunk e Sots gl News: [tems 45 waccsceces a oehals ec eteck Le RGR EE ad PRE ote Os ag Uw Sea encase TOPLESS WS 96
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At NortH Queen STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. py THe New Era Printinc Company
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1903
President, HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents,
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, F. S. EARLE, A.M. JOHN K.-SMALL, PH.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University.
Associate Editors,
NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.
TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Ph.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Ph.D.
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S-D. . ANNA. MURRAY VAIL.
TorrEYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City . banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 4r North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City
Vol. 3 ; No. 6
TORREYA
June, 1903
NOTES ON NEW MEXICO OAKS
Bale aAG COCKER Eat
In Torreya, January, 1903, I recorded seven named forms of Quercus from Las Vegas Hot Springs. The material obtained agreed well with published accounts, and especially with the excellent figures given by Dr. Rydberg in Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard., May, i901. Whatever might be the value of these plants as species, it was evident that there were ‘‘ points of relative stability ” visited all these oaks again, returning to the exact bushes whence I had my material of the year before. The new information thus obtained, together with the results of various observations at other times, lead me to some conclusions which seem worth recording.
The sides of Gallinas Cafion at Las Vegas Hot Springs slope towards the northeast and southwest. The slope facing south- west is more exposed to the winds than the other, but it also gets considerably more sun, and is dry and warm when the ground on the other side is still frozen. Here one would expect to see the oaks first leafing out, but the oak scrub on May 17 looked lifeless, without green, from a distance. On closer inspec- tion some patches of green (Q. Fendleri) were seen at the lower levels, and it was observed that the other plants (Q. uxdulata, Q. Rydbergiana and Q. grisea) were leafing out, but the early leaves were inconspicuous because reddish. The opposite and colder slope, very differently, was largely covered with light
which were easily recognizable. On May 17, 1903, I
green oak foliage, which proved to be Q. Gambeli and Q. nites- [Vol. 3, No. 5, of TORREYA, comprising pages 67-82, was issued May 12, 1903. ] 83
84
cens, with some Q. Fendlert. At the lower levels Q. Rydbergiana and Q. grisea were also present. Of course the explanation of this distribution is found in the fact that the oaks of the Gamdelu series belong to a colder climate and ordinarily to a higher alti- tude than those allied to wzdulata. On May 17 Q. mitescens and Q. Gambelii were practically over flowering, and Q. Novomeat- cana was coming into flower; while the wzdudata series (7. ¢., all the other species) were in bud or little more advanced. 1 will now consider the species somewhat more in detail :
(A.) Gambeltt SERIES
In the early leaf, the three forms are éasily separated thus :
Lobes of leaf not at all bifid; general color light green with little red. Q. Gambeliz. Lobes of leaf (except towards base) bifid. Young leaves very light green, narrower, deeply incised, hanging down. Q. Novomexicana. Young leaves not so light, broader, not so deeply incised, not so pendulous. Q. nitescens,
QO. nitescens has the young shoots dark red, and the midribs of the leaves usually reddish, but the leaves glossy light green. OQ. Novomexicana has the midribs green; the young leaves are quite grayish compared with the other two forms. Q. Gambeli has narrow pendulous leaves, but is easily distinguished from Q. Novomexicana by the characters already given. Altogether, the new evidence tends to substantiate the validity of these three species, about which I previously felt doubtful. Dr. Rydberg says the leaves of Q. Novomeaicana are bright red when they unfold, but I am sure this could not have been the case with the plants I studied. I am strongly convinced that the pigmentation of oak-leaves varies to a great extend independently of the other characters, as DeVries so often found with the pigmentation of flowers.* Under these circumstances, the name must go with the leaf-form rather than with leaf-color. .
(B.) Undulata SERies. Quercus undulata Torr. Leaves still very small, but as in all of this series except Q. /ndleri, some leaves of last year
* Cf. his statement: ‘‘ The units of the specific characters are to be regarded and studied as shayply separated quantities.’? (Jour, Roy. Hort. Soc. 25: 243. 1901.)
85
still remained on the bushes, permitting certain identification. The color of the young leaves is pinkish-green, varying to dark reddish and light grayish, each bush being uniform or almost so. At one place clumps of the dark reddish and light grayish forms were growing close together, and close to them was a light green clump of Q. Fendlert, all three strongly contrasting. Dr. Ryd- berg speaks of the early leaves of Q. /endleri as gray, but I did not find them so, though certain grayish forms referred to Q. un- dulata showed some approach to Q. Fendleri.
Quercus Fendlert Liebm. ‘The light green leaves (the young- est sometimes pinkish) were usually better developed than those of other members of the series. If it were not so very common, one could imagine Q. Fendlert a hybrid between Q. undulata and OQ. Gambelu.*
Quercus Emoryt Torr. The single clump which I referred to this species grows in front of the bath-house, and it certainly has relatively large leaves which agree with Rydberg’s figure ; it is also in stature more like OQ. Gamébeli than QO. undulata, etc. However, the genuine Q. wnxdulata throws up vigorous shoots from the roots, which bear dark red, large leaves just like those of the supposed Q. Emoryz. My present impression is that the Hot Springs plant is really a form derived from Q. uzdulata, on the spot, and not genetically connected with Q. Emoryi of*the south, though the latter probably had a similar origin. The leaves of my plant are full of small lenticular galls, not observed in the other forms. This refers of course to the leaves of last year ; those of this year are pink, and only just out of bud. The clump, with its lifeless appearance, contrasts curiously with a lively green clump of Q. Gambeli close by.
Quercus grisea Liebm. This grows larger than most Q. wz- dulata, and is late in coming out. The young leaves are pink. The form of the mature leaves varies from that of Q. wzdulata to that of Q. grisea on the same bush, though many bushes have all the leaves unmistakably gvzsea. I am decidedly of the opin- ion that Q. grisea is only a subspecies of QO. uzdulata.
* The known localities of Q, Fend/eri are apparently those in which this might
be possible, with the exception of Canadian River, Texas, where Q. Gaméeliz could hardly occur.
and fruit.
86
Quercus Rydbergiana Cockerell. The leaves are somewhat more advanced than those of Q. grisea, their color is always pink. After considerable study, I think this plant is (like Q. grisea) best regarded as a subspecies of Q. undulata, namely Quercus undulata Rydbergiana, notwithstanding differences in the leaves
All things considered, I do not feel perfectly assured
that there is more than one valid species of the wzdulata group at Las Vegas Hot Springs, but since five easily recognizable types are undoubtedly present, it is proper that they should have names of some sort.
Io.
Il.
12.
East Las VecAs, N. M:
A KEY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN SED Cin SmOr
PANUS
By F. S. EARLE
. Stipe excentric; pileus irregular.
Stipe lateral.
Stipe wanting ; pileus sessile or resupinate. . Pileus squamulose, strigose or velutinous. Pileus glabrous. Pileus white. Pileus colored.
. Pileus infundibuliform, slightly velvety.
Pileus somewhat depressed, villous or strigose.
. Pileus 7-8 cm., villous, whitish. Pileus 20 cm., strigose, whitish.
14. 20.
P. Infundibulum B. & C.*
5. P. levis B. & C. P. strigosus B. & C.
. Pileus cinnamon, becoming expellent, breaking into scales. P. conchatus Fr.
Pileus alutaceous, densely floccose-appressed, scaly.
. Cespitose. Not cespitose.
. Stipe tomentose. Stipe glabrous,
. Lamellae free; pileus brown. Lamellae decurrent or subdecurrent.
Pileus infundibuliform. Pileus expanded-umbonate, yellow.
Pileus convex to expanded.
Pileus becoming umbilicate or infundibuliform.
Stipe glabrous. Stipe fibrillose-striate.
* Known from tropical America only.
P. troglodytes ¥r.*
8.
Il.
P. connatus Berk.*
Q.
P. Sullivantii Mont. 10.
P. concavus Berk.*
P. illudens (Schw.) Fr. 12.
igh
P. Robinsonii B. & Mont. P. Cubensis B, & C.*
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13. Lamellae subdistant. P. torulosus Fr. Lamellae densely crowded. P. cantherelloides Mont.* 14. Pileus squamulose, fibrillose or pruinose. Liye Pileus glabrous. 19. 15. Pileus white or pale yellow. 16. Pileus brownish. 18. 16. Pileus with a gelatinous upper stratum. P. angustatus Berk. Pileus not gelatinous above. fe 17. Pileus white ; lamellae white. P. Wright B. & C.* Pileus pale yellow ; lamellae fulvous. P. xylopodius (Lev.) Fr.* 18. Pileus tomentose, 5—7 cm., subsessile. P. alhaceus B, & C. Pileus pruinose, becoming white when dry. P. dealbatus Berk. Pileus furfuraceous, 2 cm. ; stipe dilated above. P. stipticus ( Bull.) Fr.
19. Pileus very glabrous; stipe dilated below ; lamellae yellowish. P. stipticus gutturosus Mont. Pileus glabrous ; stipe merely a prolongation of the pileus, hairy at base. P. betulinus Pk.
20. Pileus tomentose or pulverulent. Iii. Pileus glabrous, striate, cervinous, cespitose. P. eugrammus (Mont.) Fr.* 21. Lamellae covered by a veil when young. P. operculatus B. & C, Lamellae not covered by a veil. | 22) 22. Pileus gray ; lamellae dark ferruginous. P. salicinus Pk. Pileus reddish ; lamellae blackish-brown. P. nigrifolius Pk.
Panus farinaceus Schum. of Ellis & Everhart’s North American Fungi, No. 2502, is Pleurotus atro-caeruleus griseus Pk. Reg.
Rept: 44: 35.
NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN.
A NEW ARABIS FROM GEORGIA By RoLanp M. HARPER
In the summer of 1901 I collected in the coastal plain of Georgia a few fruiting specimens of an Arabis which seemed to be undescribed. Wishing to see more complete material, I turned some seed of it over to the New York Botanical Garden, and the plants growing from these seeds have just flowered for the first time. The species may now be characterized as follows, all of the description except that of the fruit being drawn from living specimens :
* Known from tropical America only.
88
Arabis Georgiana
Biennial. Stems erect, 3-5 dm. tall, with few erect branches mostly from the base, terete, purplish-tinged, minutely hirsute below, glabrous or nearly so above: basal leaves oblanceolate, coarsely toothed, 6-8 cm. long, forming a flat rosette; cauline leaves sessile, half-clasping by a cordate or subsagittate base, bright green on both surfaces, the lower surfaces and margins sparsely pubescent with both simple and forked hairs; the lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely toothed about the middle, about 5 cm. long, the upper much reduced and relatively nar- rower : racemes loose, terminal, becoming 3—4 dm. long in fruit : pedicels ascending (both in flower and fruit), becoming 1 cm. long at maturity, only the lowest subtended by bracts: sepals equal, ovate, acute, concave, narrowly scarious-margined, very sparsely pubescent with simple and forked hairs towards the tips, 4 mm. long: petals oblanceolate, obtuse, spreading above, 9-10 mm. long by 1.5 mm. wide, pure white: longer stamens 7 mm. long: style 1 mm. long, as thick as the ovary and stigma: pods narrowly linear, flattened, 1.5 mm. wide and 6-7 cm. long at maturity, erect or nearly so, the valves 1-nerved: seeds in a single row, brown, narrowly wing-margined.
This species seems most nearly related to A. patens Sull. and A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. (or its American representative), but differs from both in its longer pods. From the former it differs also in the glabrous upper surface of the leaves and upper portion of the stem, and in its erect pods; and from the latter in its larger flowers and evident style.
Collected in shady woods at the top of the high bank of the Chattahoochee River below Omaha, Stewart County, Georgia (in the Cretaceous region), on the afternoon of July 18, Igor (no. 1091). Plants raised from seed in New York were in full flower at the end of April, 1903.
This seems to be the first Aradis reported trom the coastal plain of the eastern United States, with the exception of A. Virginica (L.) Trel. (A. Ludoviciana Meyer), which, however, is only a weed inthe coastal plain, and, besides, has been regarded by many authors as belonging to another genus,
COLLEGE PoInT, N. Y.
89
AS SECOND ILLINOIS*STATION FOR: PHACELIA COVILLEI WATSON
By H. A. GLEASON
Mr. E. S. G. Titus, field assistant to the Illinois state ento- mologist, has recently referred to me for determination a plant which proves to be Phacelia Covillei Watson. In view of the apparent rarity of the species, a note upon it may be of interest. The original station for this plant was an island in the Potomac River, where it was first collected by F. V. Coville. Although lost sight of for some years, it has again been collected near the place of its discovery. Dr. J. Schneck of Mt. Carmel, Illinois, has reported * a second station in southern Illinois, where it occurs in the bottom-lands of the Wabash River.
The new station for it is at Fall Creek, a small town in western Illinois near Quincy, and about two hundred miles from the first Illinois station at Mt. Carmel. Here it grows along a railroad track in the cleared bottom-lands of the Mississippi River, but about four miles from the river itself. Mr. Titus is of the opinion that the soil is liable to inundation, which, if correct, would cor- respond with the observations of Dr. Schneck concerning its habitat at Mt. Carmel.
Dr. Schneck has spoken of the similarity of the plant to W/acro- calyx Nyctelea (L.) Kuntze, and has surmised that it is confused with the Macrocalyx by other collectors. The resemblance to the latter in the specimens from Fall Creek is striking, and they were at first considered by Mr. Titus identical with the Jacro- calyx, which was growing near by. The plants of the Phacela, while somewhat smaller and less succulent, are distinguished by the imbricated corolla-lobes, and the structure of the capsule.
Phacelia Covillet was regarded by Dr. Schneck as an austrori- parian plant, and the limited evidence at hand concerning its habitat and distribution justifies this conclusion. The station at Fall Creek, while distant from the characteristically austro- riparian region about the valleys of the lower Wabash and the lower Ohio, is stiil not entirely beyond the influence of austro-
* Bot. Gaz. 27: 395. 1899.
90
riparian conditions, as is shown by the presence in the flora of the Mississippi and Illinois valleys of numerous southern species
which extend north as far as Keokuk and Peoria. URBANA, ILL.
SHORTER NOTES
LycoPpopDIUM CERNUUM IN GEorGIA.— While walking from Cuth- bert to Fort Gaines, Georgia, on October 28, 1902, I was sur- prised to find that curious tropical club-moss Lycopodium cernuum L., growing in springy places along the sides of several railroad cuts southwest of Coleman. It was fairly abundant, and though the specimens were rather small (none over a foot in height), many of them were fruiting. As the occurrence of the plant in this manner was of little or no significance from a phytogeo- graphical standpoint, I sought at once to determine its natural habitat, and many promising-looking localities along the railroad for the next few miles were explored, but without success. So how this species came to adopt such an artificial habitat, so remote from any place where it is known to grow naturally, is still a mystery. This branch of the railroad has been in existence for many years, but the country traversed by it is still sparsely settled.
Lycopodium cernuum does not seem to have been previously reported north of latitude 31°, and it is possible that its native range may be confined to still narrower limits.
RortanD M. Harper.
A New Species oF URERA.— Urera magna sp. nov. Woody, the stem 5 cm. in diameter or more, reclining on bushes, un- armed or nearly so: leaves ovate-orbicular, short-pubescent be- neath, especially on the veins and veinlets, puberulent, and with some solitary longer hairs above, the petiole 16 cm. long or less, the larger blades 3 dm. long by 2.5 dm. wide, sharply dentate- serrate, the apex rather abruptly acuminate, with a narrow tip about 2 cm. long; base of the blade cordate; primary veins about 7 on each side: cymes numerous, about 8 cm. broad ; ultimate pedicels about 2 mm. long: fruit white, oblong-elliptic, 4 mm. long by 2.5 mm. thick, the achene wholly included.
91
In a forest ravine, Wingfield Estate, St. Kitts, B. W. I., N. L. Britton and J. F. Cowell, September, 1901, no. 457. ‘Professor Urban would include this plant in VU. Caracasaxa (Jacq.) Gaud., but a comparison with numerous specimens of this plant from northern South America, and an examination of Jacquin’s figures of Urtica Caracasana, in Hort. Schoenbr. f/. 386 indicates to me that it cannot properly be so referred, and I therefore venture to describe it as above. N. L. Britton.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ‘CLUB
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 29, 1903
The meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden with Dr. MacDougal in the chair. Twenty-five persons were present.
The minutes for the two previous meetings were read and ap- proved.
Miss M. A. Parker, 797 Madison Avenue, New York City, and Mr. Macy Carhart, Keyport, N. J., having been duly nominated and the nominations being approved by the com- mittee on admissions, were elected as members of the Club.
Dr. Marshall A. Howe proposed the name of Mr. Homer D. House, of Columbia University, for membership ; referred to the committee on admissions.
The resignation of Miss A. May Palmer as a member of the club, having been approved by the treasurer, was accepted.
A letter was read from Mr. M. P. Rich announcing the death of his brother, Dr. Jacob M. Rich. Dr. Rich had long been an honored member of the club and on motion the secretary was instructed to write Mr. Rich, expressing the sympathy of the members of the club and their sense of the great loss sustained.
A letter from Mr. Roland M. Harper was read, asking the club to endorse his application to the Scientific Alliance of New York for a grant of $150.00 from the Herrman Fund, for the purpose of continuing his phytogeographical explorations in the coastal plain of Georgia and adjacent territory with a view to completing the material necessary for publishing a flora of that
92
region. On motion the application was endorsed as requested, and ordered forwarded to the secretary of the Scientific Alliance.
The first paper of the scientific program was by Dr. W. A. Cannon, “‘ Notes on the Vegetation of Roan Mountain.” It was illustrated by numerous herbarium specimens and by a black- board chart of the region showing the position and relative size of the different plant formations. Of these the author recognizes four: First, the deciduous forests, occupying the lower slopes of the. mountains; second, the coniferous forests, balsam and spruce, mostly confined to northern exposures at an elevation of 5,500 feet and above; third, the frutescent or shrub formation lying above the conifers and occupying part of the higher summits ; and fourth, the meadows or ‘‘balds’”’ covered with grasses and herbaceous plants that occupy the remainder of the high summits.
Roan mountain is situated in extreme western North Carolina, between the Blue Ridge and the Great Smoky Mountains. Its highest elevation is 6,400 feet. It seems to be a meeting place for mists and storms, the summit being veiled in masses of clouds for a considerable part of the time. During the summer of Dr. Cannon’s stay on the mountain, there were only eleven entirely clear days during July and but seven during August. This ensures a very moist atmosphere and a cool comparatively even temperature, the average daily range being only 15°. These conditions seem particularly favorable to plant growth, since none of the dwarfing effect on vegetation usually found at high alti- tudes was observed except on a few areas of very sterile soil. As a rule the plants were as large and vigorous as those found at lower levels.
Extensive lists of the plants characteristic of the different formations were given. It was noted that the rare Gray’s lily has become almost extinct and that only a few scattered clumps remain of the local Sedum Roanense.
The second paper was by S. H. Burnham, entitled ‘“‘ Observa- tions on Some of the Plants of the Yosemite Valley and Vicinity.” The author described a vacation camping trip under- taken by himself and four others, during the summer of 1894. Starting from Stanford University, they crossed parts of the
93
Coast Range, the great Central San Joaquin Valley and those portions of the Sierra Nevadas in the neighborhood of the big tree groves and the Yosemite Valley. Herbarium specimens illustrating the flora of the different regions traversed were ex- hibited and detailed descriptions of the different groves of big trees were given. Four distinct forest belts were observed in the Sierra Nevadas. On the higher foothills and up to 3,000 feet, the “digger pine,’ Quercus Californica and Aesculus Californica were the prevailing trees. From 3,000 feet to 6,000 feet are found the groves of big trees, Seguota Washingtonia and the Douglass spruce, Pseudotsuga mucronata. From 7,000 to 9,000 feet, occur Picea grandis and Pinus contorta, and above 9,000 feet are Pinus albicans and Pinus aristata.
Dr. H. J. Webber, of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the De- partment of Agriculture, was present, and, at the request of the ‘Chairman, he consented to tell briefly of some of the work being done at the Laboratory for Plant Breeding, of which he is in charge. He stated that at Washington, practical problems were considered paramount and those of scientific interest only were given secondary consideration. As illustrating the kind of work that is being undertaken, he took the case of cotton. This is by far the most important crop for most of the Southern states. The ordinary upland varieties have a short staple averaging only three fourths of an inch in length: and a green woolly seed that can only be removed by the use of the saw gin. On certain limited areas near the coast, a sea-island cotton is grown having a very fine fiber nearly two and a half inches long and a smooth black seed that can be removed bya roller gin that does not injure the staple. This is the finest cotton in the world, but the boll is small and hard, making it hard to pick, the yield is light, and the plant does not succeed on ordinary uplands. Numerous crosses have been made in the hope of securing a cotton with the long staple and smooth seeds of the sea-island combined with the big round bolls, and the hardiness and productiveness of the upland kinds. Out of over sixty thousand hybrids that have been produced, twelve have been found that approach this ideal type, and the effort is being made by continued selection to fix
94
these desirable qualities. The results so far attained justify the hope that in a few years more this may be accomplished. The general planting of such an improved variety would mean great good to the entire community since it would assure better prices for the grower and vastly better and more durable fabrics for the consumer. Equally important problems confront the plant breeder for each of the chief agricultural crops, and the labora- tory could profitably employ fifty investigators instead of the seven who are now engaged in the work.
Mr. F. S. Earle exhibited plants of the common garden Nas- turtium (Zropaecolum) that had grown in a box in the window ofa living-room during the winter. Dry air and the occasional escape of coal-gas from the stove made the conditions so unfavorable that growth had been feeble and the leaves and petioles had devel- oped a dense coating of rigid white septate hairs. The coating was so pronounced as to make the leaves look as if covered with mil- dew. When grown under normal conditions the very young leaves show a few scattered hairs as they first unfold, but these at once drop away leaving the plant entirely glabrous.
Mr. R. M. Harper exhibited a flowering plant from the propaga- ting houses of a large Avadis grown from seeds collected in south- ern Georgia. It differs so markedly from any of the known plants of that region that he considers that it is probably a new species.
There being no further business, adjournment followed.
F. S. EArte, Secretary.
Tuespay, May 12, 1903
The meeting was held at the College of Pharmacy ; Dr. H. H. Rusby in the chair. .
The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and ap- proved.
Dr. H. D. House, of Columbia University, was elected to active membership.
It was announced that the following persons had been selected by the President to constitute the Field Committee: Eugene Smith, Chairman; George V. Nash, Miss Marie L. Sanial, Miss L. K. Lawall, Edward W. Berry.
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The Treasurer’s report for the year ending January 14, 1903,
was read. It showed receipts amounting to $2,891.74 (not in- cluding $67.60 from the former treasurer) and a balance on hand of $327.33. The report was adopted. - The first paper on the scientific programme was by Miss E. M. Kupfer, entitled ‘‘ Remarks on regeneratign in the cuttings of plants.” The results of Miss Kupfer’s experiments, which were carried on at the New York Botanical Garden, may be outlined as follows:
Baccharis genistelloides, a South American xerophyte devoid of
leaves, produced both from lateral buds and at the tip of the main shoot, stems almost without wings and with several well- marked reversion leaves. — Incuttings of Muehlenbeckia platyclados, in addition to flat sep- tate branches identical with normal ones except in the production of large hastate leaves, there were developed also one or more perfectly cylindrical leaf-bearing shoots. As the cylindrical branches flattened, the leaves decreased in size. Removing leaves or growing points on these cuttings, induced the appearance of © leaves at nodes from which they had previously been absent.
Russelia juncea and Cytisus purgans, both normally leafless, produced conspicuous leaves before taking root.
A blade proportionally three times as large as usual was in- duced on the thorny petioles of two cuttings of Rubus australis which took several months longer than the others to start growth.
Sambucus Canadensis produced on cuttings of the first year only entire, bifoliate or trifoliate leaves. In the second season, some leaves had four or five leaflets and none more than five.
Colletta cruciata showed remarkable regressive series from leafless thorns to finely pointed normally leafy branches. On some cuttings a double series, first regressive and then again progressive, appeared. One plant which did not start growth until fully seven months after the others produced a branch totally without thorns, but with unusually conspicuous leaves.
The various theories of regeneration were discussed, and it was pointed out that none so far advanced seemed to cover all of the facts presented. It was suggested that there might be some
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connection between the rapidity of regeneration and the charac- ter of the organ produced.
Dr. P. A. Rydberg gave the second paper, which was on ‘“‘Some generic segregates.” This is soon to be published in the Bulletin.
Both papers were discussed at some length by several mem-
bers of the club. W. A. CANNON,
Secretary pro tem. NEWS ITEMS
Dr. Arthur Hollick recently started for the Yukon region, to make a study of its fossil flora. His route is overland from Skagway to Dawson, thence down the Yukon river to its mouth, with brief stops at points where it is desired to carry on special investigations. This work has been undertaken in connection with the United States Geological Survey.
Professor L. M. Underwood, who has been engaged in field study in Jamaica and Cuba since January, and who had intended to go by direct steamer from the West Indies to England, sur- prised his family and friends by returning to New York about the middle of May. He sailed for Europe June 6, and intends to spend the summer in England and on the Continent.
The Wild Flower Preservation Society of America held a meeting under the auspices of the Olivia and Caroline Phelps Stokes Fund for the Protection of Native Plants in the museum building of the New York